Establishing a common language for lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections.

Abstract

Patients presenting to spine surgeons for lumbar radiculopathy often undergo initial conservative treatment including medications, therapy, and lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Despite a growing number of spinal injections performed, there is a lack of available data regarding the occurrence of wrong-site injections. However, when examined, the discrepancies between ordering level and level of epidural steroid injection performed are immense. To aid with this issue, we propose that instead of ordering a lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections at a given level, it should be ordered to address a specific nerve root with laterality. This has the potential to reduce wrong-site procedures and improve patient outcomes. Retrospective chart review of 60 patients at a private orthopaedic spine practice under the care of spine surgeons or physician assistants over a 1-year period. The progress note, injection order form, procedure note, and procedural fluoroscopy were reviewed. If there were inconsistencies between one or more of these steps, it was deemed a failure. Results were analyzed to assess for any differences in outcomes between the two groups. We calculated our sample size prior to the study and powered it at 90%; descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used where appropriate utilizing SAS v9.4. Thirty-seven patients (37/60, 61.6%) were considered a failure. There were no failures when ordering an S1 nerve root injection. We identified one wrong-site procedure and one wrong-level order that was identified and corrected by the interventionalist. There were multiple inconsistencies identified at various steps in the injection ordering process. This indicates a need to standardize the language used in this process to avoid wrong-site procedures. There were no inconsistencies in ordering an S1 injection, likely because this injection could only be ordered at the nerve root. It is also critical to utilize and save a localization film to ensure accuracy and accountability. We propose indicating the affected nerve root in all cases rather than the level of disc pathology would avoid confusion.