Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging method to obtain valuable functional and structural information about the kidney noninvasively. Before performing specialized MR measurements for probing tissue structure and function, some essential practical steps are needed, which are common for most applications. Here we describe in a step-by-step manner how to (1) achieve the double-oblique slice orientation coronal-to-the-kidney, (2) adapt the scan protocol for avoiding aortic flow artifacts and covering both kidneys, (3) perform localized shimming on the kidney, and (4) check perfusion in the large renal blood vessels using time-of-flight (TOF) angiography. The procedures are tailored to preclinical MRI but conceptionally are also applicable to human MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter explains the initial and essential MRI steps that precede specific functional and structural MR imaging techniques (T1- and T2*-mapping, DWI , ASL , etc.), which are described in separate chapters.
Highlights
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a state-of-the-art noninvasive method to obtain valuable functional and structural information about the kidney
We describe in a step-by-step manner how to (1) achieve the double-oblique slice orientation coronal-to-the-kidney, (2) adapt the scan protocol for avoiding aortic flow artifacts and covering both kidneys, (3) perform localized shimming on the kidney, and (4) check perfusion in the large renal blood vessels using time-of-flight (TOF) angiography
The shimming capabilities and procedure are specific to the MR hardware and each vendors software platform; in this protocol we focus on describing the shimming on a Bruker BioSpec system running ParaVision 6.0.1
Summary
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a state-of-the-art noninvasive method to obtain valuable functional and structural information about the kidney. The wide range of available contrast agent mechanisms and the corresponding MR techniques can enable a comprehensive characterization of the kidney. This includes morphology (e.g., kidney size), tissue microstructure (e.g., diffusionweighted MRI, T1 mapping, elastography), and function (e.g., arterial spin labeling MRI for perfusion mapping or mapping of T2* for probing blood oxygenation). Before carrying out these specialized MR measurements, some essential practical steps are required, which are common for most.
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