Abstract
Zingiber striolatum Diels (Z. striolatum), a widely popular vegetable in China, is famous for its medicinal and nutritional values. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Z. striolatum (EOZS) remain unclear. In this study, EOZS from seven regions in China were extracted and analyzed by GC–MS. LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated mice were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of EOZS. Results show that 116 compounds were identified in EOZS from seven locations. Samples 2, 4 and 5 showed the best capability on DPPH radical scavenging and NO inhibition. They also significantly reduced the production of ROS, pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage morphological changes, migration and phagocytic capability. Transcriptomics revealed MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways may be involved in the anti-inflammatory mechanism, and the predictions were proven by Western blotting. In TPA-induced mice, EOZS reduced the degree of ear swelling and local immune cell infiltration by blocking the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which was consistent with the in vitro experimental results. Our research unveils the antioxidant capability and potential molecular mechanism of EOZS in regulating inflammatory response, and suggests the application of EOZS as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.
Highlights
Inflammation, the basis of many kinds of pathological processes, is an automatic defense response of the human body
Samples of Z. striolatum were collected from seven cities (Table S1) in China and their essential oil compositions were analyzed using GC–MS
The results show that a total of chemical compounds were identified from seven samples (Table 1)
Summary
Inflammation, the basis of many kinds of pathological processes, is an automatic defense response of the human body. It is generally triggered by infection, tissue injury, tissue stress and malfunction [1]. The primary role of inflammation is to eliminate harmful stimuli, prevent further damage, start the healing process and recover the normal functions of injured tissues [2]. Host tissue homeostasis will be disarranged or damaged when inflammation is excessive or uncontrolled [3], which may induce diseases such. In order to reduce the risk of inflammation-related diseases, it is of great significance to suppress dysregulated inflammatory response. The development of anti-inflammatory agents is still a common concern of many scientists
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