Abstract
The inconsistency of phytogenic feed additives’ (PFA) effects on the livestock industry poses a risk for their use as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. The livestock market is being encouraged to use natural growth promotors, but information is limited about the PFA mode of action. The aim of this paper is to present the complexity of compounds present in essential oils (EOs) and factors that influence biological effects of PFA. In this paper, we highlight various controls and optimization parameters that influence the processes for the standardization of these products. The chemical composition of EOs depends on plant genetics, growth conditions, development stage at harvest, and processes of extracting active compounds. Their biological effects are further influenced by the interaction of phytochemicals and their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. PFA effects on animal health and production are also complex due to various EO antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, anti-inflammatory, and digestive fluids stimulating activities. Research must focus on reliable methods to identify and control the quality and effects of EOs. In this study, we focused on available microencapsulation techniques of EOs to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, as well as their application in the animal feed additive industry.
Highlights
Phytogenic Feed AdditivesPhytogenic feed additives (PFA), known as phytobiotics or botanicals, are commonly defined as various plant secondary compounds (PSC) and metabolites with beneficial effects on animal health and production, including feed and animal products [1,2,3]
We focused on available microencapsulation techniques of essential oils (EOs) to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, as well as their application in the animal feed additive industry
The main instrumental methods used in determining essential oils chemical composition are spectroscopic techniques, including UV and visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, together with separation techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC), chiral GC, liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, (HPLC), and coupled and multidimensional chromatography [60]
Summary
Phytogenic feed additives (PFA), known as phytobiotics or botanicals, are commonly defined as various plant secondary compounds (PSC) and metabolites with beneficial effects on animal health and production, including feed and animal products [1,2,3]. PFA include a wide range of plant bioactive compounds Based on their biosynthetic origins, plant secondary metabolites can be divided into the following major groups: phenolics, nitrogen-containing alkaloids, sulphur-containing compounds, and terpenoids. All these metabolites share basic functional groups, including alkyls, benzyl rings, hydroxyls, alcohols, and steroids [25], whereas the combination of various chemical groups leads to the generation of new molecules with unique chemical structures and related biological activity. Studies of EO delivery techniques as feed additives are stressed, with a focus on encapsulation as a promising approach for the improvement of feed quality and for animal health benefits
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