Abstract
Over the past few decades, many pathogenic bacteria have become resistant to existing antibiotics, which has become a threat to infectious disease control worldwide. Hence, there has been an extensive search for new, efficient, and alternative sources of antimicrobial agents to combat multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Numerous studies have reported the potential of both essential oils and metal/metal oxide nanocomposites with broad spectra of bioactivities including antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial attributes. However, only monometallic nanoparticles combined with essential oils have been reported on so far with limited data. Bi- and tri-metallic nanoparticles have attracted immense attention because of their diverse sizes, shapes, high surface-to-volume ratios, activities, physical and chemical stability, and greater degree of selectivity. Combination therapy is currently blooming and represents a potential area that requires greater attention and is worthy of future investigations. This review summarizes the synergistic effects of essential oils with other antimicrobial combinations such as mono-, bi-, and tri-metallic nanocomposites. Thus, the various aspects of this comprehensive review may prove useful in the development of new and alternative therapeutics against antibiotic resistant pathogens in the future.
Highlights
Infectious diseases and foodborne illnesses are the leading cause of severe health problems worldwide and can even lead to death
Gaultheria procumbens with chitosan-cinnamic acid microgel against A. flavus as microencapsulation [184], Thymus capitatus with sodium dodecyl sulfate against E. coli and B. subtilis as nanoencapsulation [185], cardamom Essential oils (EOs) with chitosan against E. coli and S. aureus as nanocomposites [186], and Siparuna guianensis with chitosan against larvicide Aedes aegypti as nanoencapsulation [187]
The increasing number of clinical complications related to multidrug resistant microorganisms has inspired researchers to focus their interest on alternative antimicrobial agents, which are an appropriate solution to treating infections that are more serious to human health
Summary
Infectious diseases and foodborne illnesses are the leading cause of severe health problems worldwide and can even lead to death. E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, and S. aureus present a major threat to public health and safety [5] Owing to these problems, there has been renewed interest in alternative research for more effective, less toxic antimicrobial agents among natural bioactive compounds, which are found in aromatic plants, and have been used in cosmetics, aromatherapy, and folk medicine for many years, such as essential oils and plant extracts [6]. The presence of active phytochemicals or bioactive compounds and their secondary metabolites, or essential oils in plants play an important role against the problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria Some of these alternative antimicrobial therapies may reduce the further spread and development of resistance in these pathogens.
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