Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the essential oil variation and concentrations of certain trace metals (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, Pb, Cd) in the sage plant (Salvia officinalis L.) grown in their different geographic natural environment. The samples of Salvia officinalis were collected from Jeresh and Ajloune, Ma’an and Tafilah, and Amman located in their natural original regions in the north, south, and middle locations of Jordan, respectively. The results showed a wide variation of essential oil contents among S. officinalisgrown in different variable natural environment. The range varied from 0.87% in Amman to 2.8% in Jarash. In general, the oil content in S. officinalis grown in the north regions was higher than recorded in the middle and south regions.The essential oil content in S. officinalis grown in Jarash and Ma'an were higher than recoded in other investigated groth regions. Trace metal concentrations in all investigated samples were varied.The most toxic trace metals Co, Pb, and Cd were not detectable in all studied samples. Fe metal recorded the highest concentration which varied from 834.5 mg/kg in Ajloun to 1743 mg/kg in Ma’an. Cu recoded the lowest mean levels among all detected metals and varied from 6.60 mg/kg in Amman to 9.25 mg/kg in Ajloune .The highest mean levels of Mn were recorded in the southern regions in Tafilah and Ma'an (53.7 and 50.4 mg/kg, respectively), while the lowest was recorded in the middle region in Amman (26.10 mg/kg). Zn concentration varied from 27.80 mg/kg in Ma'an to 42.72 mg/kg in Tafillah. All of detected metals were within the range of permissible limit for medicinal plants and lower than that detected in S. officinalis originated from other local and global habitats. The essential oil and trace metals contents in S. officinalis were mainly affected by variable natural climatic conditions. Moreover, the current study showed that S. officinalis grown in some locations of Jordan are characterized by low trace metals contents and can safely be used for pharmaceutical and edible purposes without any hazardous effect on human health.
Highlights
Garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial medicinal plant with woody stems, and grayish leaves belonging to the family Lamiaceae that comprises over 900 species all over the world
The results showed a wide variation of essential oil contents among S. officinalisgrown in different variable natural environment
The current study showed that S. officinalis grown in some locations of Jordan are characterized by low trace metals contents and can safely be used for pharmaceutical and edible purposes without any hazardous effect on human health
Summary
Garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial medicinal plant with woody stems, and grayish leaves belonging to the family Lamiaceae that comprises over 900 species all over the world. Many worldwide research studies have been conducted to evaluate the content of heavy metals in certain medicinal plants consumed by popular or used in pharmaceutical industries (Amr & Đorđević, 2000; Malencic et al, 2003; Chan, 2003; Angelova et al, 2005; Szentmihályi & 2007; Blagojević et al, 2009; Abu-Darwish et al, 2010). The present study was conducted to find out the effect of environmental conditions on the yield of essential oil and certain trace metal contents in S. officinalis grown naturally in different geographical locations of Jordan
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