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Abstract
The present study evaluates the chemical profiling of the essential oil of a halophyte, L. maritima (LmEO), and its protective potential against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rats. Forty compounds have been identified in LmEO. The major components are α-pinene (3.51%), benzyl alcohol (8.65%), linalool (22.43%), pulegone (3.33%), 1-phenyl butanone (7.33%), globulol (4.32%), γ-terpinene (6.15%), terpinen-4-ol (4.31%), α-terpineol (3.9%), ledol (3.59%), epi-α-cadinol (3.05%) and α-cadinol (4.91%). In comparison with the CCl4-intoxicated group, LmEO treatment resulted in decreased liver serum marker enzymes, decreased lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzyme levels, with overall further amelioration of oxidative stress. The administration of LmEO to CCl4-treated rats at a dose of 250 mg kg−1 body weight significantly reduced the toxic effects and the oxidative stress on the liver, thus validating the traditional medicinal claim of this plant. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of LmEO was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells. Our oil could modulate the inflammatory mode of the macrophages by causing reduction in iNOS and COX2 enzymes as well as in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokine levels. These findings suggest that LmEO exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
Highlights
The liver is a very important organ which is responsible for metabolic and secretor activities
reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anions (O2cÀ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals ðOHÞ and peroxyl radical ðROOÞ, have been recognized to stimulate tissue oxidative damage and cause several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as ageing processes.[4]. In addition to these conditions, oxidative stress is involved in liver pathologies and mostly results in progressive evolution of fatty liver, necrosis, brosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
The current study demonstrates that LmEO exhibited strong radical scavenging activity compared to the standard ascorbic acid
Summary
The liver is a very important organ which is responsible for metabolic and secretor activities. It is a sensitive target site for substances that modulate biotransformation. It plays a key role in body detoxi cation from exogenous and endogenous challenges, such as xenobiotics, drugs, viral infections and chronic alcoholism.[1] The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity model is extensively used to CCl4 accumulates in hepatic parenchyma cells and is metabolized into CCl3 radicals by liver cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases.[3] It causes oxidative stress and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition to these conditions, oxidative stress is involved in liver pathologies and mostly results in progressive evolution of fatty liver, necrosis, brosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
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