Essential ideals, homomorphically closed classes and their radicals

Abstract

AbstractOlson and Jenkins defined E(M) to be the class of all rings each nonzero homomorphic image of which contains either a nonzero M-ideal or an essential ideal where M, is any class of rings. E(M) was proven to be a radical class and various classes M were considered. Here the class E(M) is partitioned into two classes: H the class of all rings each nonzero homomorphic image of which has a proper essential ideal and the class H(M) of all rings each nonzero homomorphic image of which contains an M-ideal. It is shown that H is a radical class and under certain conditions H(M) is also a radical class. Various properties placed on M yield several well-known radical classes and an infinite number of supernilpotent nonspecial radical classes is constructed.