Essential Elements and Isoflavonoids in the Prevention of Prostate Cancer.

Iwona J Stanisławska,Anna K Kiss,Ramona Figat,Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak

doi:10.3390/nu14061225

Abstract

The intake of selected minerals, especially zinc, calcium and selenium, and high consumption of dietary isoflavones are recognised as factors influencing prostate cancer risk. Moreover, changes in levels of some essential elements are characteristic of the disease. Here, we examined the combined effects of main dietary isoflavonoids (genistein, daidzein and its metabolite, equol) and minerals implicated in prostate cancer, namely zinc, selenium, copper, iron and calcium, on LNCaP prostate cancer cells proliferation. Secondly, we evaluated the influence of the combinations on genotoxicity of model mutagens, 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4NQO) and 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), in the umu test. All combinations of isoflavonoids and minerals inhibited prostate cancer cells growth. However, only mixtures with iron ions had significantly stronger effect than the phytochemicals. Interestingly, we observed that only genistein attenuated genotoxicity of 4NQO. The addition of any tested mineral abolished this effect. All tested isoflavonoids had anti-genotoxic activity against 2AA, which was significantly enhanced in the presence of copper sulphate. Our results indicate that the tested minerals in physiological concentrations had minimal influence on the anti-proliferative activity of isoflavonoids. However, they significantly modulated the anti-genotoxic effects of isoflavonoids against both metabolically activated and direct mutagens. Thus, the minerals intake and nutritional status may modulate protective action of isoflavonoids.

Highlights

Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth cause of cancer mortality in men worldwide
Our observations indicate that the effects of tested isoflavonoid–mineral combinations were comparable to the effect of the more active constituent of given combination
We examined theAlthough combinedproapoptotic effects of selected essential elements

Summary

Introduction

Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth cause of cancer mortality in men worldwide. The GLOBOCAN database estimates 1.41 million new cases and 375,300 deaths from prostate cancer in 2020 [1]. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, though rising, remain lowest in most Asian regions. The highest mortality rates are observed in countries with a significant population of African descent, in regions with the highest incidence rate, i.e., Australia and New Zealand, Northern and Western Europe and Northern America, prostate cancer is a prominent cause of cancer death [2,3]. The intake or nutritional status of selected nutrients as well as consumption of specific food products is linked with modulation of prostate cancer risk [5]

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