Abstract
Recovery oils, obtained from the hydro-distillation of the fresh flowers of Matricaria chamomilla, as well as essential oils, were studied for their environmental purposes in cultural heritage. These oils were assayed for their antifungal activity against the growth of four molds isolated from archaeological manuscripts (Aspergillus niger), museum gypsum board Antique (A. flavus), museum archaeological tissue (A. terreus), and museum organic materials (Fusarium culmorum) of cultural heritage objects. Oils were applied to inhibit the growth of fungi at amounts of 25, 50, 75 and, 100 µL/mL, and compared with negative controls (0 µL/mL) or positive controls (Sertaconazol 3g/L). Using GC/MS analysis, the main chemical compounds identified in the essential oil were (Z)-β-farnesene (27%), D-limonene (15.25%), and α-bisabolol oxide A (14.9%), while the compounds identified in the recovery oil were α-bisabolol oxide A (18.6%), d-limonene (8.82%), and α-bisabolol oxide B (7.13%). A low amount of chamazulene was observed in both essential and recovery oils, with amounts of 0.73% and 3.50%, respectively. Recovery oil, at a concentration of 75 and 100 µL/mL, showed fungal mycelial inhibition (FMI) percentage for the growth of A. niger, with values of 78% and 85%, respectively. At a concentration of 100 µL/mL, both oils showed 100% FMI of A. terreus. Oils showed weak activity against the growth of A. flavus. Essential oils at 100 µL/mL had good activity against the growth of F. culmorum, with FMI of 86.6%. The results suggest the potential use of essential and recovery oils from M. chamomilla fresh flowers as environmentally friendly bio-fungicides.
Highlights
IntroductionFungi are known as a major biodeteriogens of cultural heritage
In domestic environmental conditions, fungi are known as a major biodeteriogens of cultural heritage
About 100 g of fresh flowers were put in a 2 L flask containing 1500 mL distilled water, their essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus for 2 h [13]
Summary
Fungi are known as a major biodeteriogens of cultural heritage. Amongst the n-hexane oily extracts, M. chamomilla flowers extract treated wood samples observed the lowest activity against the growth of F. culmorum, P. chrysogenum and R. solani [15]. The main compounds identified in the EOs of flowers from M. chamomilla were chamazulene, trans-trans-farnesol, isopropyl hexadecanoate, and E-β-farnesol. These have been observed to have potential antifungal activity [32]. Bisabolol oxide A, (Z)-β-farnesene, 4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene, and chamazulene were reported as the main compounds in an n-hexane extract of air-dried flowers of M. recutita [15], demonstrating good antifungal activity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of essential and recovery oils from M. chamomilla (fresh flowers) on the growth of four fungi, isolated from cultural heritage
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