Abstract
Historically, the Colombian Pacific Coast has witnessed six tsunamis in the past 130 years, two of which have caused complete community destruction and human loss. The present paper aims to provide a conceptual framework needed to approach palaeo-tsunami research in the area, verifying the state of the art of tsunami hazard characterization and identifying any future investigations. Any acceptable palaeo-tsunami investigation should be multi-disciplinary, and compile, acquire and analyze in much detail, geological, geomorphological, biological, anthropological, archaeological and historical information. So far, the only research done related to tsunami hazard has been for the coastal cities of Tumaco and Buenaventura, and it has been focused on quantification of tsunami flooding. However, no research has yet been done on the identification and characterization of tsunami sources, exploration and characterization of the physical evidence of past events (e.g. palaeo-tsunami deposits), seismic micro-zonation, regional changes in vegetation patterns resulting from extreme events, or changes related to indigenous peoples’ habitational patterns or settlement abandonment, among others. For an effective risk management, tsunami hazard maps have to be emplaced, but they should integrate all the proxies and disciplines that enhance the identification and characterization of this hazard. We propose herein, the steps to follow to develop adequate tsunamigenic research.Keywords: palaeo-tsunamis, tsunami Deposits, paleoseismology, Pacific Coast of Colombia, Nazca Subduction Zone.
Highlights
The Colombian Pacific Coast has witnessed six tsunamis in the past 130 years, two of which have caused complete community destruction and human loss
La evidencia de subsidencia súbita co-sísmica propuesta a lo largo de la Costa Pacífica Colombiana, permite suponer que la conservación de sedimentos asociados a paleotsunamis es bastante buena, no obstante, dicha conservación no solo depende del fenómeno sísmico, sino que también depende de la intensidad erosiva del mar por oleaje, mareas y sobre-lavado, fenómenos activos en la zona litoral, además de otros fenómenos post-depositacionales como retrabajamiento por procesos geológicos o biológicos, hasta antropogénicos
En los últimos años la investigación en torno a fenómenos de tsunami en el Pacífico Colombiano ha venido aumentando poco a poco, con esfuerzos focalizados principalmente en el modelamiento numérico de posibles frentes de tsunami (e.g. Caballero y Ortíz, 2003; Cardona, 2004, 2005; Esquivel, 2006; Restrepo y Otero, 2007; Sánchez et al, 2013; DIMARCCCP, 2013), mapas de inundación (e.g. Bastidas y Puentes, 2008; González y Sánchez, 2011; Sánchez, 2012; Sánchez et al, 2013; Dirección General Marítima (DIMAR)-CCCP, 2013), recuentos históricos (e.g. Ramírez y Goberna, 1980; OSSO, 1992; Otero et al, 2013; DIMAR-CCCP, 2013), y estimación de la vulnerabilidad (e.g. Peralta et al, 2003; DIMAR-CCCP, 2013), para las localidades de Buenaventura y Tumaco fundamentalmente (FIGURA 6)
Summary
Se observa la relación geológica entre las unidades de Colombia y Ecuador, mostrando la similitud tectónica en ambas zonas, característica importante en la cuantificación y limitación de la zona de probable fuente de amenaza local por tsunami (Modificado de Ramos, 2010)
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