Esophageal organoids: possibility of creating and potential implications for tissue engineering

Abstract

Esophageal cancer, congenital anomalies, traumatic injuries and prolonged deformities of the esophagus often require radical surgical treatment followed by multi-stage organ reconstruction. Such operations are traumatic for the patient, and the use of the donor esophagus is associated with the need for prolonged immunosuppression. To replace a damaged tissue of the esophagus tissue-engineering structures can be applied. These tissue-engineering structures are based on the use of the association of differentiated or stem cells and natural or synthetic scaffolds, to create an artificial organ in vitro that can mimic an organ. Such formulations can be successfully used to study the development of organs, pathogenesis of diseases and preclinical studies of drugs as so-called "organoids”, and may also have a prospect for clinical use as tissue-engineered prototypes of the esophagus. This review describes the possibilities of using esophageal organoids, systematizes the literature data on studies on the creation of organoids and tissue-engineered prototypes and their effect on the experimental model in transplantation.