ESBL-Producing Escherichiacoli Carrying CTX-M Genes Circulating among Livestock, Dogs, and Wild Mammals in Small-Scale Farms of Central Chile.

Julio A. Benavides,Javier Millán,Macarena Otto Medina,Paulina González Muñoz,Lina Rivas,Ana Piñeiro,Andrés Opazo-Capurro,Jose Munita,Marília Salgado-Caxito

doi:10.3390/antibiotics10050510

Abstract

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria of critical importance for global health such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing (ESBL)-Escherichia coli have been detected in livestock, dogs, and wildlife worldwide. However, the dynamics of ESBL-E. coli between these animals remains poorly understood, particularly in small-scale farms of low and middle-income countries where contact between species can be frequent. We compared the prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-E. coli among 332 livestock (207 cows, 15 pigs, 60 horses, 40 sheep, 6 goats, 4 chickens), 82 dogs, and wildlife including 131 European rabbits, 30 rodents, and 12 Andean foxes sharing territory in peri-urban localities of central Chile. The prevalence was lower in livestock (3.0%) and wildlife (0.5%) compared to dogs (24%). Among 47 ESBL-E. coli isolates recovered, CTX-M-group 1 was the main ESBL genotype identified, followed by CTX-M-groups 2, 9, 8, and 25. ERIC-PCR showed no cluster of E. coli clones by either host species nor locality. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ESBL-E. coli among sheep, cattle, dogs, and rodents of Chile, confirming their fecal carriage among domestic and wild animals in small-scale farms. The high prevalence of ESBL-E. coli in dogs encourages further investigation on their role as potential reservoirs of this bacteria in agricultural settings.

Highlights

The current increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered a main global threat to human and animal health [1,2]
extendedspectrum beta-lactamases-producing (ESBL)-E. coli fecal carriage was detected in chickens, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, and one wild rodent (Octodon degus)
The prevalence of ESBL-E. coli fecal carriage was significantly higher among dogs (24% [CI: 16–35%]; 20 out of 82) compared to livestock

Summary

Introduction

The current increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered a main global threat to human and animal health [1,2]. The intense use of antibiotics in livestock production and humans is the main cause of the emergence and rapid spread of AMR [2,5]. The global growth of livestock has been associated with an increase in antibiotics use [2]. 70% of antibiotics used in human medicine are consumed by animal production in the USA [6,7]. The misuse of third-generation cephalosporins in livestock generated a selective pressure resulting in the emergence and spread of ESBL-E. coli in this sector [9,13]. The presence of ESBL-E. coli in wildlife is assumed to result from contamination in human-dominated environments [10,12,14]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion