Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Use Among Non–Dialysis-Dependent CKD Patients Before and After the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy (TREAT) Using a Large US Health Plan Database

Abstract

In a landmark study, TREAT (Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy) examined the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy to treat anemia among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and found no benefit compared to placebo. A retrospective observational design was used to determine the impact of TREAT on clinical practice. A large US health plan database with more than 1.2 million claims for patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD stages 3 and4. ESA prescribing 2 years before and after publication of TREAT. Rate of ESA prescribing for ESA-naive and -prevalent cohorts. (1) Monthly ESA prescribing in the 2 years before and after publication of TREAT (ordinary least squares regression), (2) adjusted likelihood of prescribing ESA after TREAT (clustered logistic regression), and (3) probability of receiving ESA therapy based on anemia status (χ(2) test). For patients with CKD stage 3, the proportion prescribed ESA therapy declined from 17% pre-TREAT to11% post-TREAT (a 38% decline), and for those with CKD stage 4, from 34% to 27% (a 22% decline). Prescribing ofESA therapy was declining even before TREAT, but the decline accelerated in the post-TREAT period (stage3:change of slope,-0.08 [P<0.001]; stage 4: change of slope,-0.16 [P<0.001]). ESA prescribing declined after TREAT regardless of anemia status; among patients with hemoglobin levels<10g/dL, only 25%of patients with CKD stage 3 and 33% of patients with stage 4 were prescribed ESAs 2 years after TREAT, a notable50% decline. After adjusting for all covariates, the probability of prescribing ESAs was 35% lower during the 2-year period after versus before publication of TREAT (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.63-0.67). The cumulative effect of adverse safety concerns in the period before TREAT also influenced physician prescribing of ESA therapy and could not be separated from the influence of TREAT. TREAT appears to be a watershed study that was followed by a marked decline in ESA prescribing for patients with CKD.