Abstract
Background: Erythritol, a sugar alcohol, is widely used as a substitute for sugar in diets for patients with diabetes or obesity. Methods: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of erythritol on metabolic disorders induced by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice, while focusing on changes in innate immunity. Results: Mice that were fed a high-fat diet and administered water containing 5% erythritol (Ery group) had markedly lower body weight, improved glucose tolerance, and markedly higher energy expenditure than the control mice (Ctrl group) (n = 6). Furthermore, compared with the Ctrl group, the Ery group had lesser fat deposition in the liver, smaller adipocytes, and significantly better inflammatory findings in the small intestine. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid, in the serum, feces, and white adipose tissue of the Ery group were markedly higher than those in the Ctrl group. In flow cytometry experiments, group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3) counts in the lamina propria of the small intestine and ILC2 counts in the white adipose tissue of the Ery group were markedly higher than those in the Ctrl group. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that the Il-22 expression in the small intestine of the Ery group was markedly higher than that in the Ctrl group. Conclusions: Erythritol markedly decreased metabolic disorders such as diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and fat accumulation in the mouse liver by increasing SCFAs and modulating innate immunity.
Highlights
Sugar alcohols are not completely absorbed into the bloodstream and lead to a smaller increase in blood sugar levels than “regular” sugar
Digestible carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine and play an important role as an energy source for the body, while indigestible carbohydrates are metabolized during fermentation in the lower gastrointestinal tract by gut microbiota and are characterized by their beneficial physiological effects on human health, such as improvement of gut microbiota, improvement of fecal properties, reduction in energy intake, suppression of elevated blood glucose and insulin secretion, inhibition of toxic substances and toxic odorants derived from intestinal bacteria, and improvement in lipid metabolism [3,4,5]
We focus on shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs) and FFAR2 and FFAR3, with a particular focus on Epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), which strongly expresses FFAR2, and erythritol was administered to experimental animIanlsthtios estvuadluy,awteeiftoscpursootencStiCvFeAefafnedctFaFgAaRin2sat nmdeFtaFAboRl3ic, wdiisthoradpearsrtcicauulsaerdfobcuysaohnigh-fat deWietA(TH, wFDhi)c,hwshtriolengfolycuexspinregssoens iFnFtAesRt2in, aanl dinenrayttehriimtoml wuansitayd.ministered to experimental animals to evaluate its protective effect against metabolic disorders caused by a high-fat 2d.ieRte(sHuFlDts), while focusing on intestinal innate immunity
Summary
Sugar alcohols are not completely absorbed into the bloodstream and lead to a smaller increase in blood sugar levels than “regular” sugar. Methods: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of erythritol on metabolic disorders induced by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice, while focusing on changes in innate immunity. Results: Mice that were fed a high-fat diet and administered water containing 5% erythritol (Ery group) had markedly lower body weight, improved glucose tolerance, and markedly higher energy expenditure than the control mice (Ctrl group) (n = 6). The concentrations of shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid, in the serum, feces, and white adipose tissue of the Ery group were markedly higher than those in the Ctrl group. Conclusions: Erythritol markedly decreased metabolic disorders such as diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and fat accumulation in the mouse liver by increasing SCFAs and modulating innate immunity
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