Abstract
Errors in choice tasks have been shown to elicit a cascade of characteristic components in the human event-related potential (ERPs)—the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). Despite the large number of studies concerned with these components, it is still unclear how they relate to error awareness as measured by overt error signaling responses. In the present study, we considered error awareness as a decision process in which evidence for an error is accumulated until a decision criterion is reached, and hypothesized that the Pe is a correlate of the accumulated decision evidence. To test the prediction that the amplitude of the Pe varies as a function of the strength and latency of the accumulated evidence for an error, we manipulated the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) in a brightness discrimination task while participants signaled the occurrence of errors. Based on a previous modeling study, we predicted that lower speed pressure should be associated with weaker evidence for an error and, thus, with smaller Pe amplitudes. As predicted, average Pe amplitude was decreased and error signaling was impaired in a low speed pressure condition compared to a high speed pressure condition. In further analyses, we derived single-trial Pe amplitudes using a logistic regression approach. Single-trial amplitudes robustly predicted the occurrence of signaling responses on a trial-by-trial basis. These results confirm the predictions of the evidence accumulation account, supporting the notion that the Pe reflects accumulated evidence for an error and that this evidence drives the emergence of error awareness.
Highlights
Continuous monitoring of action outcomes is crucial for achieving optimal performance
We recently proposed that error awareness can be conceptualized as a decision process, in which the available evidence that an error has occurred is accumulated until a decision criterion is reached (Steinhauser and Yeung, 2010)
We found that a higher decision cri- nal evidence for an error, which forms the basis of the error terion led to fewer signaled errors, it was not associated with a decision, and which could lead to error awareness or not1
Summary
Continuous monitoring of action outcomes is crucial for achieving optimal performance. ERROR AWARENESS AS EVIDENCE ACCUMULATION these findings suggest a relationship between the Pe and error awareness, they are less informative regarding the specific role of the Pe in the emergence of awareness To address this question, we recently proposed that error awareness can be conceptualized as a decision process, in which the available evidence that an error has occurred is accumulated until a decision criterion is reached (Steinhauser and Yeung, 2010). We further found that a higher occurs when strong evidence is accumulated for multidecision criterion was associated with a larger Pe amplitude if sig- ple responses—a condition that necessarily accompanies self naled errors were considered This result reflects the fact that with correction. This response conflict is accumulated until it a high criterion, more evidence for an error is required to exceed reaches another criterion, which leads to error awareness
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