Abstract
This paper presents a complete analysis of the positional errors of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data based on spherical statistics and 3D graphs. Spherical statistics are preferred because of the 3D vectorial nature of the spatial error. Error vectors have three metric elements (one module and two angles) that were analyzed by spherical statistics. A study case has been presented and discussed in detail. Errors were calculating using 53 check points (CP) and CP coordinates were measured by a digitizer with submillimetre accuracy. The positional accuracy was analyzed by both the conventional method (modular errors analysis) and the proposed method (angular errors analysis) by 3D graphics and numerical spherical statistics. Two packages in R programming language were performed to obtain graphics automatically. The results indicated that the proposed method is advantageous as it offers a more complete analysis of the positional accuracy, such as angular error component, uniformity of the vector distribution, error isotropy, and error, in addition the modular error component by linear statistics.
Highlights
In the last decade, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) systems have appeared on the market and found a firm place in geodetic metrology
The method was applied to TLS data, it can be applied to any three-dimensional data
We argue that the real nature of the positional error is vectorial, and error vectors should be analysed
Summary
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) systems have appeared on the market and found a firm place in geodetic metrology. With the publication of ISO standard 17123 part 8 (GNSS field measurement systems in Real Time Kinematic –RTK–) in September 2007, TLS are the only remaining geodetical measuring systems without standardised field test procedures. In accordance with the chair of ISO TC172/SC6 and with the support of Leica Geosystems AG Heerbrugg, Switzerland, basic ideas for simplified and full field test procedures for TLS have been worked out in a diploma thesis at the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland [14]. The most important results from the thesis are summarised by Gottwald [15]. The use of these proposals is under evaluation by the ISO Technical Committee (IS0 TC172/SC6)
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