Erratum to: Micronized/ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide displays superior oral efficacy compared to nonmicronized palmitoylethanolamide in a rat model of inflammatory pain.

Daniela Impellizzeri,Salvatore Cuzzocrea,Rosalba Siracusa,Emanuela Esposito,Rosalia Crupi,Giuseppe Bruschetta,Marika Cordaro

doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0595-6

Abstract

Background: The fatty acid amide palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been studied extensively for its antiinflammatory and neuroprotective actions. The lipidic nature and large particle size of PEA in the native state may limit its solubility and bioavailability when given orally, however. Micronized formulations of a drug enhance its rate of dissolution and reduce variability of absorption when orally administered. The present study was thus designed to evaluate the oral anti-inflammatory efficacy of micronized/ultramicronized versus nonmicronized PEA formulations. Methods: Micronized/ultramicronized PEA was produced by the air-jet milling technique, and the various PEA preparations were subjected to physicochemical characterization to determine particle size distribution and purity. Each PEA formulation was then assessed for its anti-inflammatory effects when given orally in the carrageenan-induced rat paw model of inflammation, a well-established paradigm of edema formation and thermal hyperalgesia. Results: Intraplantar injection of carrageenan into the right hind paw led to a marked accumulation of infiltrating inflammatory cells and increased myeloperoxidase activity. Both parameters were significantly decreased by orally given micronized PEA (PEA-m; 10 mg/kg) or ultramicronized PEA (PEA-um; 10 mg/kg), but not nonmicronized PeaPure (10 mg/kg). Further, carrageenan-induced paw edema and thermal hyperalgesia were markedly and significantly reduced by oral treatment with micronized PEA-m and ultramicronized PEA-um at each time point compared to nonmicronized PeaPure. However, when given by the intraperitoneal route, all PEA formulations proved effective. Conclusions: These findings illustrate the superior anti-inflammatory action exerted by orally administered, micronized PEA-m and ultramicronized PEA-um, versus that of nonmicronized PeaPure, in the rat paw carrageenan model of inflammatory pain.

Highlights

Erratum The authors would like to issue an erratum for this article [1], and would like to declare the following competing interests which we inadvertently failed to include in our original publication
Erratum to: Micronized/ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide displays superior oral efficacy compared to nonmicronized palmitoylethanolamide in a rat model of inflammatory pain
Competing interests Dr Salvatore Cuzzocrea, researcher on the study team, is co-inventor on patent WO2013121449 A8 (Epitech Group SpA) which deals with compositions and methods for the modulation of amidases capable of hydrolysing N-acylethanolamines useable in the therapy of inflammatory diseases

Summary

Introduction

Erratum The authors would like to issue an erratum for this article [1], and would like to declare the following competing interests which we inadvertently failed to include in our original publication. Erratum to: Micronized/ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide displays superior oral efficacy compared to nonmicronized palmitoylethanolamide in a rat model of inflammatory pain Daniela Impellizzeri1†, Giuseppe Bruschetta1†, Marika Cordaro1, Rosalia Crupi1, Rosalba Siracusa1, Emanuela Esposito1 and Salvatore Cuzzocrea1,2*

Results

Conclusion