Erratum to: Luminescence Monitoring of Temporal Changes and Efficiency of Tissue Optical Clearing by NIR-Excited Upconversion Particles

Abstract

The time history and efficiency of optical clearing of rat skin in vitro have been studied by monitoring the changes in the luminescence signal from [Y2O3:Yb, Er] upconversion particles located under tissue layers. It has been shown that, under the action of immersion agent on the skin, image contrast is increased from zero to 0.36. The structure of the cleared tissue samples becomes more distinct. We have performed a numerical simulation of the experiment using the Monte Carlo method. It has been obtained that the recorded luminescence intensity is proportional to the square of the number of exciting photons. The proportionality coefficient depends on the scattering coefficient of biological tissue. The proposed method of analysis of the temporal dependencies can be used as the basis for the construction of an algorithm of study of the time history of clearing agent’s diffusion into biological tissue by temporal changes of the luminescence of upconversion nanoparticles delivered into the tissue. Visualization of a local object which contained particles and was placed under tissue layers has led to the assumption of the possibility of tracking the movements of encapsulated drugs within the blood vessels by the luminescence of nanoparticles contained in a capsule.