Abstract
Self-driving vehicles are emerging as a result of technological advances, and the range of human behavior is expanding. The collateral information on driving is increasing, and head-up displays (HUDs) can be coupled with augmented reality displays to convey additional information to drivers in innovative ways. Interference between the actual driving environment and the displayed information can cause distractions. Research is required to find out what information should be displayed and how to properly display it considering the number of information, as well as the location and arrangement of the HUD. This study aims to examine the types of HUD information presentation that enhance the driver’s intuitive understanding. The first experiment identified which information affects drivers more in self-driving conditions in terms of error rate and importance. As a result, information that the drivers consider to be of greater importance or more relevant to their safety was selected. The level of HUD information complexity was assessed in the second experiment. The independent variables were the number of symbols, location of the HUD, and arrangement of the HUD. The results showed that the number of symbols was most affected and that fewer than six should be displayed. Besides, the arrangement of contents was more intuitive when a vertical alignment was used, and the main content should be placed in the center of the windshield area. Finally, ergonomic design guidelines of the information presentation type are proposed in this study.
Highlights
From past research, a series of guidelines are available to identify human–machine interfaces and to improve the physical and cognitive usability of the product [1]
For information within the general driver information (GDI) classification, the error rates for trip computers and cruise control, where information complexity is relatively high, were high compared to other classifications
Mauchly’s spherical test results showed that the significance of the number of information, area of the head-up displays (HUDs), and the arrangement of the HUD was greater than 0.05
Summary
A series of guidelines are available to identify human–machine interfaces and to improve the physical and cognitive usability of the product [1]. With the recent convergence trend with information and communication technology, vehicles are being built with in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) and developed into an interactive communication medium between the vehicle and the driver in real-time, beyond the value of the mobility system [2]. As the development of in-vehicle information systems continues to expand the display area, which provides in-vehicle driving, entertainment, and convenient information, the need is increased for an intuitive and insightful content delivery interface for drivers [3,4,5]. The level of complexity of information displayed within the vehicle is increasing with the recent advances in self-driving vehicle technology [6]. The development of a head-up display (HUD) that delivers virtual images to the driver through media such as windshields is continuing, with the driver’s range of activities expanding and the display providing information on driving assistance, entertainment, and driver-friendly functions. Due to the development of information and Electronics 2020, 9, 611; doi:10.3390/electronics9040611 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
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