Ergodicity and Hopf–Lax–Oleinik formula for fluid flows evolving around a black hole under a random forcing

Abstract

We study the ergodicity properties of weak solutions to a relativistic generalization of Burgers equation posed on a curved background and, specifically, a Schwarzschild black hole. We investigate the interplay between the dynamics of shocks, a curved geometric background, and a random boundary forcing, and solve three problems of independent interest. First of all, we consider the standard Burgers equation on a half-line and establish a ‘one-force-one-solution’ principle when the random forcing at the boundary is sufficiently “strong” in comparison with the velocity of the solutions at infinity. Secondly, we consider the Burgers–Schwarzschild model and establish a generalization of the Hopf–Lax–Oleinik formula. This novel formula takes the curved geometry into account and allows us to establish the existence of bounded variation solutions. Thirdly, under a random boundary forcing in the vicinity of the horizon of the black hole, we prove the existence of a random global attractor and we again validate the ‘one-force-one-solution’ principle. Finally, we extend our main results to the pressureless Euler system which includes a transport equation satisfied by the integrated fluid density.