Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of eradication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cure of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, a pivotal point that the patient immunity controls HIV reactivation after highly active anti-retroviral therapy [HAART or combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART)] remains less well addressed. In spite of the fact that both innate and adaptive immunities are indispensable and numerous cells participate in the anti-HIV immunity, memory CD4 T-cells are indisputably the key cells organizing all immune actions against HIV while being the targets of HIV. Here we present a view and multidisciplinary approaches to HIV/AIDS eradication and cure. We aim at memory CD4 T-cells, utilizing the stem cell properties of these cells to reprogram an anti-HIV memory repertoire to eliminate the viral reservoir, toward achieving an AIDS-free world.
Highlights
Nothing stops an idea whose time has come
We study p21 because p21 plays an indispensable role in immune cell quiescence, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis, in addition to the role of this single cell checkpoint protein playing in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) resistance to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [61,62,63,64, 81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90]
Www.frontiersin.org is indisputably a key [46, 106, 107]. This is a matter of fundamental principle in modern medicine regarding the roles of human immunity vs. chemical compounds in a human body: who has the final say on eradication of HIV and cure of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Can HAART replace patient immunity to cure AIDS? Can we develop an HIV vaccine without immune cell memory? what have we learned from cancer therapy, and is there a connection in lack of antigen specific immune memory between AIDS and cancer patients after the respective chemotherapies? Others have provided answers and approaches toward the HIV/AIDS eradication and cure, and we add more to this as follows (Figure 4)
Summary
Nothing stops an idea whose time has come. As in other scientific discoveries, the time has come for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) eradication and cure, emerging from three decades of cutting edge research on the HIV lifecycle, immune cell biology, and AIDS pathogenesis. We address studies and approaches that focus on functional CD4 T-cell helped immune memory, a foundation and the mechanism of patient anti-HIV immunity, vaccination, a cure and a functional cure of AIDS after HAART.
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