Abstract
The present work discusses the adsorptive removal of a phenolic pollutant, i.e., 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), using low cost untreated agricultural waste pine cone powder (PCP). The present biosorbent was thoroughly characterized with the help of FTIR, SEM, XRD, and CHN analysis. The presence of amine (-NH2), hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O) functional groups was detected by the FTIR analysis. The important biosorption factors like agitation time, biomass dosage, initial adsorbate concentration, and the initial pH were examined by batch studies. The biosorption kinetic process was fast, reaching equilibrium in 75 min. The experimental kinetic data revealed an excellent agreement with the pseudo second order (PSO) model. On the other hand, the Langmuir isotherm model best described the equilibrium data with the maximum biosorption capacity (qmax) of 243.90 mg/g. These values are better than the adsorption capacities of most agro-based untreated adsorbents previously reported in the literature. Owing to fast removal rates and high biosorption capacity, PCP can be used for cost-effective treatment of TCP from aqueous streams.
Highlights
The phenolic derivatives are widely used as herbicides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, fungicides, algicides, insecticides, ovicides, preservatives, and numerous intermediate compounds [1]
It is clear from the figures that the predictions of the pseudo second order (PSO) kinetic model show an excellent agreement with the experimental data
The investigational results indicate that the PSO appears to be a better fit for TCP biosorption on Pine Cone Powder (PCP), which is similar to the recent investigations, have shown that the kinetics of
Summary
The phenolic derivatives are widely used as herbicides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, fungicides, algicides, insecticides, ovicides, preservatives, and numerous intermediate compounds [1]. The elimination of organic contaminants from the waste-water effluents using various methods like physical (membrane filtration, adsorption, biosorption and solvent extraction), chemical-biological oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, photocatalytic degradation, microbial degradation, ion exchange resins, catalytic oxidation, advanced oxidation processes have been proposed in the recent literature [9,10,11,12]. Among these techniques, the biosorption using various agricultural wastes has been thoroughly investigated for the elimination of organic contaminants and heavy metals from the standpoint of cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly considerations [13,14,15,16,17]. Several key factors influence the sorption of TCP, such as the solution pH, agitation time, biosorbent dosage, and the initial concentration of TCP were studied for greater understanding and subsequent optimization of the biosorption process
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