Abstract
This chapter explores the equality and non-discrimination requirement of human rights, how government policy can have discriminatory or unequal effects on members of their population, and how human rights advocates fight identity-based discrimination. Two cases illustrate these dynamics: systemic racism in United States law enforcement and religious persecution of Uyghur Muslims in Xinxiang, China. Policing practices in the United States violate the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The murder of George Floyd by a police officer in Minneapolis, Minnesota, US sparked Black Lives Matter protests around the world and started a global conversation at the United Nations Human Rights Council about government responsibility to end systemic discrimination against people of African descent. China’s repression of Uyghurs, and their internment in government-run concentration camps due to their religion and ethnicity, violates international human rights standards including the freedom of religion and belief. Governments frequently invoke terrorism and threats to national security to disingenuously justify violations of human rights. The chapter briefly explores the United Nations Free and Equal Campaign for LGBTI rights.
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