Abstract
Increasing deforestation worldwide has expanded the interfaces between fragmented forests and non-forest habitats. Human-made edges are very different from the original forest cover, with different microclimatic conditions. Conversely, the natural transitions (i.e., ecotones) are distinct from human-made forest edges. The human-made forest edges are usually sharp associated with disturbances, with abrupt changes in temperature, humidity, luminosity and wind incidence towards the forest interior. However, the natural forest-lake ecotones, even when abrupt, are composed of a complex vegetal physiognomy, with canopy structures close to the ground level and a composition of herbaceous and arboreal species well adapted to this transition range. In the present study, fruit-feeding butterflies were used as models to investigate whether faunal assemblages in natural ecotones are more similar to the forest interior than to the anthropic edges. Butterflies were sampled monthly over one year in the Rio Doce State Park, Southeastern Brazil, following a standardized design using a total of 90 bait traps, in three different forest habitats (forest interior, forest ecotone and anthropic edges), in both canopy and understory. A total of 11,594 individuals from 98 butterfly species were collected (3,151 individuals from 79 species in the forest interior, 4,321 individuals from 87 species in the ecotone and 4,122 individuals from 83 species in the edge). The results indicated that the butterfly richness and diversity were higher in transition areas (ecotones and edges). The ecotone included a combination of butterfly species from the forest interior and from anthropic edges. However, species composition and dominance in the ecotone were similar to the forest interior in both vertical strata. These results suggest that human made forest edges are quite distinct from ecotones. Moreover, ecotones represent unique habitats accommodating species adapted to distinct ecological conditions, while anthropic edges accommodate only opportunistic species from open areas or upper canopies.
Highlights
Increasing deforestation worldwide has expanded the interfaces between fragmented forests and non-forest habitats, and studies of these interfaces dominates the forest ecology literature [1,2]
Forest ecotones are distinct from human-made forest edges
Sampling of fruit-feeding butterflies occurred in three different habitats within the Parque do Rio Doce (PERD): i) interior of the forest, at least 50 m distant from any border, with a canopy height similar to the anthropic edges (10–25 m high); ii) natural forest-lake or flooded grassland, with high sun light availability resulting in the formation of a “brought low canopy” (5–15 m high) with main branches bent towards the lakes at 1–3 meters above the ground and with similar characteristics of forest canopy [6]; iii) anthropic edges, a result of planned cut within the park, as in borders of dirt
Summary
Increasing deforestation worldwide has expanded the interfaces between fragmented forests and non-forest habitats (e.g., croplands, pasture, roads and urban areas), and studies of these interfaces dominates the forest ecology literature [1,2]. Human-made edges are very different from the original forest cover, with different microclimatic conditions, including temperature, humidity, wind speed and the amount of solar radiation that penetrates the habitat [3]. These changes in the microclimate can extend into the forest understory and may extend further when the fragments are small [3]. The forest-lake ecotone has a composition of herbaceous and arboreal species well adapted to this transition range [6] In these particular ecotones between forest and lakes, the foliage remains close to the ground and yet presents several characteristics similar to the typical forest upper canopy [6]. There are eco-physiological similarities already identified between the upper canopy and the brought low canopy
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