Abstract
Background: Homeless people are a socially excluded group whose health reflects exposures to intersecting social determinants of health. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the demographic composition, certain social determinants of health, and self-reported health among homeless people in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2006 and 2018.Methods: Analysis of data from face-to-face interviews with homeless people in Stockholm 2006 (n = 155) and 2018 (n = 148), based on a public health survey questionnaire adapted to the group, including the EQ-5D-3L instrument. The chi-squared test was employed to test for statistical significance between groups and the independent t-test for comparison of mean scores and values. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, with Robust Standard Errors (RSE) was performed on merged 2006 and 2018 data with mean observed EQ VAS score as outcome variable.Results: In 2018 more homeless people originated from countries outside Europe, had temporary social assistance than long-term social insurance, compared to in 2006. In 2018 more respondents reported lack of social support, exposure to violence, and refrained from seeking health care because of economic reasons. Daily smoking, binge drinking, and use of narcotic drugs was lower 2018 than 2006. In 2018 a higher proportion reported problems in the EQ-5D-3L dimensions, the mean TTO index value and the VAS index value was significantly lower than in 2006. In the regression analysis of merged data there was no significant difference between the years.Conclusions: Homeless people are an extremely disadvantaged group, have high rates of illness and disease and report poor health in all EQ-5D-3L dimensions. The EQ VAS score among the homeless people in 2018 is comparable to the score among persons aged 95–104 years in the general Swedish population 2017. The EQ-5D-3L instrument was easily administered to this group, its use allows comparison with larger population groups. Efforts are needed regarding housing, but also intensified collaboration by public authorities with responsibilities for homeless people's health and social welfare. Further studies should evaluate the impact of such efforts by health and social care services on the health and well-being of homeless people.
Highlights
Homeless people are a socially excluded group with poor mental and physical health, partly resulting from exposures to intersecting social determinants of health [1–4]
Being homeless is associated with increased risk of violence, assaults, and injuries are common, homeless women are subjected to sexual violence, a high proportion of homeless people use narcotic drugs which in turn may be linked to criminal activities [10]
Sex Women Men Country of origin Sweden Other Nordic countries Other European countries Other countries outside Europe Level of education Primary school 9 years or less Secondary school 2–3 years University Duration of homelessness
Summary
Homeless people are a socially excluded group with poor mental and physical health, partly resulting from exposures to intersecting social determinants of health [1–4]. Homeless people have higher rates of mental disorders and addiction, as well as somatic diseases Their mortality risk is several times higher than that in the general population [4]. Homeless people tend to acquire somatic diseases at an earlier age than the general population, and thereby have an increased risk of getting complications, for instance of developing cardiovascular disease as a consequence of having diabetes mellitus [3]. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the demographic composition, certain social determinants of health, and self-reported health among homeless people in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2006 and 2018
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