EQ-5D-5L Population Norms for Italy.

Abstract

This study aimed to provide normative data obtained in response to the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire in Italy and compare this with data from other countries. A sample of the Italian adult population (aged ≥18years) was recruited and interviewed online using videoconferencing software (Zoom) between November 2020 and February 2021. The distribution of answers was estimated as per the descriptive system of the EQ-5D-5L, and descriptive statistics were calculated for the EQVAS score and EQ-5D-5L index value in the whole sample and relevant subgroups. An ordinary least square (OLS) regression was performed to evaluate the impact of sociodemographic variables on EQ-5D-5L results. Lastly, a comparison was made with EQ-5D-5L population norms of other countries. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and Stata13. Overall, 1182 people representative of the Italian population (2020) in terms of sex and geographical area responded to the survey. Of the 3125 potential EQ-5D-5L health states, only 106 (3.4%) were selected, and the '11111' and '11112' states were chosen by half of the participants. In terms of EQ-5D-5L dimensions, the frequency of any problems (from slight to extreme) associated with anxiety and depression was high among the very young (18-24 years, 56.0%) and in women of all ages (49.7%). The mean index value (± standard deviation [SD]) was 0.93 (±0.11) for the entire sample and gradually decreased with age, moving from 0.95 (±0.06) in the youngest group (18-24 years) to 0.91 (±0.13) in the oldest age group (≥75 years). Similarly, the mean EQVAS score (±SD) was 81.8 (±13.5), and decreased from 87.0 (±8.9) in the 18-24 years age group to 75.1 (±16.4) among participants >75years of age. The existence of self-reported chronic conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease), female sex, and social assistance recipiency were negatively associated with the EQ-5D index value, while the EQVAS score was significantly lower in people with chronic conditions and aged >55years. Conversely, higher income levels had a positive impact on both the EQ-5D index value and the EQVAS score. Lastly, both the EQ-5D index value and EQVAS score in Italy were, on average, higher than in most European countries. EQ-5D-5L population norms provide useful insights into the health status of the Italian population and can be used as a reference for other surveys using the same instrument.