Abstract
Modified nucleotides are present in all ribosomal RNA molecules. Mitochondrial ribosomes are unique to have a set of methylated residues that includes universally conserved ones, those that could be found either in bacterial or in archaeal/eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes and those that are present exclusively in mitochondria. A single pseudouridine within the mt-rRNA is located in the peptidyltransferase center at a position similar to that in bacteria. After recent completion of the list of enzymes responsible for the modification of mammalian mitochondrial rRNA it became possible to summarize an evolutionary history, functional role of mt-rRNA modification enzymes and an interplay of the mt-rRNA modification and mitoribosome assembly process, which is a goal of this review.
Highlights
While epigenetics has been long known as an essential mechanism for gene expression control, epitranscriptomics, a field of RNA modification, has rather recently come into focus of the scientific community
Up to 2012 [8], only a single gene coding for the mammalian mitochondrial rRNA modification enzyme was known
In bacteria equivalent nucleotides m2 6 A1518/9 are modified by RsmA/KsgA [50,51,52], an enzyme whose inactivation resulted in kasugamycin resistance [50,53]
Summary
While epigenetics has been long known as an essential mechanism for gene expression control, epitranscriptomics, a field of RNA modification, has rather recently come into focus of the scientific community. Up to 2012 [8], only a single gene coding for the mammalian mitochondrial rRNA modification enzyme was known. All other proteins needed for proper maintenance and function of mitochondria are encoded in the nucleus including, remarkably, all subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), whose activity is being a useful control independent of the mitochondrial gene expression machinery. The transcript started with LSP promoter corresponds to the opposite DNA strand relative to that of HSP1 and HSP2 driven transcripts It spans almost the entire genome, excluding the regulatory region and an antisense to the rRNA coding part. 3 E. coli RluC forms 23S rRNA pseudouridines Ψ955, Ψ2504 and Ψ2580 The latter is equivalent to Ψ1397 of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA
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