Epitope spreading occurs in active but not passive EAE induced by myelin basic protein

Abstract

Using experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, EAE, as a model for the study of autoimmune demyelinating disease in the CNS, previous studies have indicated that spread may occur with respect to the specificity of T cell responses during disease. This phenomenon, known as epitope spreading, is central to therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, in EAE, the clinical course, neuropathology and immunopathogenesis vary depending upon host factors and the method of disease induction. Since passive EAE in SJL/J mice resembles MS clinically and neuropathologically, this model was chosen to study the immune phenomenon of epitope spreading. T cells specific for whole 18.5 kDa MBP were used to initiate disease since MBP or one of its naturally occurring cleavage fragments may initiate a more physiological immune response than one generated to an artificially designed synthetic peptide. While a progressive increase in T cell responsiveness specific for the immunodominant MBP 87–106 region was observed during disease, there was no evidence of either intermolecular epitope spreading to the immunodominant region of proteolipid protein (PLP) 139–151 or of intramolecular epitope spreading to the exon 2 encoded region of MBP, which is spliced out of 18.5 kDa MBP. In addition there was no shift in immunodominance toward the subdominant MBP 16–35 region during disease. In contrast, during active EAE induced by MBP, epitope spreading to the immunodominant epitope of PLP, 139–151, was observed. These data demonstrate that immune responses generated during passive versus active EAE may differ, and suggest that significant epitope spreading does not occur in chronic relapsing demyelinating disease initiated with T cells specific for whole MBP in the absence of exogenous antigen, complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis. Implications of these findings with regard to epitope spreading in MS are discussed.