Epitope polarity and adjuvants influence the fine specificity of the humoral response against Semliki Forest virus specific peptide vaccines

Abstract

The humoral response to synthetic peptide vaccines against Semliki Forest virus (SFV) in H-2 d BALB/c mice was investigated with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and the pepscan technique. The peptide vaccines consisted of amino acid sequences 240–255 (B) and 137–151 (T) of the E2 membrane protein of SFV colinearly synthesized in either orientation T-B or B-T. Sequence B contains an epitope inducing humoral immunity to lethal SFV infection and sequence T contains a H-2 d restricted T-helper cell epitope. With sera from mice immunized subcutaneously with peptide T-B, and Quil A as adjuvant, two immunodominant B-cell epitopes were identified, FVPRAD, at position 240–246 and PHYGKEI, at position 145–151. However, with peptide B-T and Quil A as adjuvant for immunization the epitope PHYGKEI was clearly immunodominant, but antibodies elicited against this epitope were not reactive with SFV-infected L cells in contrast to the antibodies elicited by epitope FVPRAD. An additional epitope EPARKGKVH, at position 247–255, was identified with sera from mice immunized subcutaneously with either peptide T-B or B-T and Montanide ISA 740 as an adjuvant. Monoclonal antibodies selected for reactivity with SFV-infected L cells did bind also to epitope FVPRAD. Interestingly, this epitope could induce antibodies cross-reactive with a synthetic peptide derived from macrophage migration inhibitory factor that shares amino acid residues VPRA at position 9–12 with the protective B-cell epitope FVPRAD. The present study shows clearly that the fine specificity of the humoral response against peptide vaccines is differentially influenzed by both adjuvant and epitope polarity which may affect vaccine efficacy. Further, the study reminds us that potentially autoimmune antibodies could be induced by vaccines.