Abstract
Epithelial barrier disruption and failure of epithelial repair by aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-induced basal cells observed in nasal mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are speculated to play important roles in disease pathophysiology. Microparticles (MPs) are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) released by budding or shedding from the plasma membrane of activated or apoptotic cells. MPs are detected in nasal lavage fluids (NLFs) and are now receiving attention as potential biomarkers to evaluate the degree of activation of immune cells and injury of structural cells in nasal mucosa of subjects with sinus disease. There are three types of epithelial-cell-derived MPs, which are defined by the expression of different epithelial specific markers on their surface: EpCAM, E-cadherin, and integrin β6 (ITGB6). When these markers are on MPs that are also carrying canonical EMT/mesenchymal markers (Snail (SNAI1); Slug (SNAI2); alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA, ACTA2)) or pro- and anti-coagulant molecules (tissue factor (TF); tissue plasminogen activator (tPA); plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)), they provide insight as to the roles of epithelial activation for EMT or regulation of coagulation in the underlying disease. In this review, we discuss the potential of epithelial MPs as research tools to evaluate status of nasal mucosae of CRS patients in the lab, as well as biomarkers for management and treatment of CRS in the clinic.
Highlights
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses
We reported that three dual epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT)-marker-positive ITGB6(+)MPs were significantly elevated in CRSsNP, CRSwNP, and aspirinexacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) when compared with controls (Figure 5B)
We proposed the potential use of MPs in nasal lavage fluids (NLFs) as an invaluable tool in the study of CRS in the laboratory and as new biomarkers for CRS in the clinic, using epithelial MPs as an example (Table 3)
Summary
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Microparticles (MPs), one type of extracellular vesicle (EV), are detected in nasal lavage fluids (NLFs) and can be utilized as biomarkers to evaluate the degree of activation and injury of both immune and structural cells in nasal mucosae in subjects with sinus diseases, including CRS [13]. Levels of circulating endothelial MPs have been reported to be elevated in patients with vascular disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where they have been correlated with progression, prognosis, and severe phenotypes of these diseases They have been utilized as new biomarkers to evaluate the degree of endothelial injury [29,30,31,32,33]. Sci. 2021, 22, 11709 of circulating leukocyte-derived MPs are reported to be associated with better outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome [36]
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