Episodic Sedimentation of Ancient Shelf Sandstones: ABSTRACT

Abstract

At casual glance, modern shelves dominated by clastic deposits seem exceedingly dull, especially when compared to carbonate-dominated shelves. During the past 10,000 yr, the Holocene transgression has resulted in modest reworking of relict, pre-Holocene material and only trivial additions of new material. Instead, most new clastic sediment has been trapped in estuaries formed by Holocene drowning of rivers. Thus, clastic shelves appear to be boring because 10,000 yr is too short a time for estuary filling and significant new shelf sedimentation, and also because knowledge of modern shelf processes is biased toward bland, fair-weather conditions. Such a dismal view is dispelled, however, by a second glance at either outcrops or cores of ancient shelf sequences. Abrupt chan es of lithology attest to countless changes of process types, magnitudes, and rates. This, coupled with a large share of petroleum reserves trapped in shelf clastics, offers ample reason for a more positive view. What is needed is a fresh perspective of one of the longest studied of all sedimentary realms. Once the constraints of Lyellian constancy and of the fair-weather bias are broken, we can appreciate the great importance of episodic processes on both modern and ancient shelves. Episodic events are so common on a geologic time scale, in fact, that it is a mistake to refer to them as catastrophic, which has become increasingly popular in recent years. The ancient record provides important insights especially by allowing us to penetrate the 10,000-yr Holocene barrier and to assess the important question of preservation potential; i.e., can everyday processes obliterate the evidence of an episodic event? Episodic sedimentation may result from any event whose magnitude deviates significantly rom the norm. Both positive deviations, such as storms and tsunamis, and negative deviations, such as nondeposition, constitute episodes. Of most interest to the sedimentary geologist are events recorded at the spatial scale of cores and outcrops and whose recurrence frequencies range on a temporal scale from decades to millenia. Excluded at one extreme are regular annual processes (such as varve formation), and, at the other extreme, phenomena with time scales on the order of at least a million years (such as Vail curve cycles). Important questions concern assessment of recovery time, preservation potential, and determining whether recurrences are periodic or episodic. Also, we must distinguish instantaneous depositional rates from net accumulation (or preservation) rates. Some preserved features that attest to episodic sedimentation include conglomerate lenses resedimented by storm surges; intraclast, shell, or glauconite concentrations, as well as rare graded sandstone and shelly beds produced by scour and winnowing; and hummocky stratification resulting from abnormally large waves. All of these reflect positive deviations from normal process intensities. Negative deviations typically result in surfaces of nondeposition, such as mineralized hardgrounds and polygonally cracked emergence surfaces. Bioturbated zones alternating with unburrowed intervals also attest to important episodic deviations, and provide insight into relative process rates. The former reflect fair-weather conditions with slow accumulation, whereas the latter reflect episodic rapid ccumulation that outpaced burrowing activity. Both physical and biologic processes can produce complex amalgamation patterns through the overprinting of effects of multiple events, resulting in records that are challenging to decipher. Association among episodically produced features can provide important tools for basin analysis--for example, clues to relative proximality of shelf clastics analogous to those for deep-water turbidites. Relative proximality diagnosis in turn allows prediction of sandstone thickening and possible permeability trends, which could enhance exploration success. Some puzzling sandstone bodies encased in shale and isolated from any paleoshorelines (i.e., distal) seem explicable only by episodic emplacement; they are ready-made petroleum reservoirs. Thus, ancient shelf deposits are not so boring after all, and sharper tools for basin analysis should enhance our ability to explore for new petroleum reserves trapped within them. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1836------------