Episodic phytoplankton bloom events in the Bay of Bengal triggered by multiple forcings

Abstract

Two episodic phytoplankton bloom events were identified in the southeastern and southwestern Bay of Bengal in January 1998 and December 2005, respectively, from SeaWiFS-derived chlorophyll-a concentration data collected between September 1997 and December 2010. Possible causes were examined using time series datasets of satellite-derived sea surface height anomalies, sea surface temperature, wind stress and Ekman pumping velocity data. It was found that strong cyclonic eddies with long residence time transported cold, nutrient-rich water from the subsurface layer to the euphotic zone, and were responsible for sustaining the continuous growth of phytoplankton that led to the two aforementioned phytoplankton blooms. Moreover, regarding the event in December 2005, three tropical cyclones passed through the region of the phytoplankton bloom and could have been additional factors that enhanced the bloom. Regarding the event in January 1998, transportation from the adjacent Andaman Sea by the geostrophic current and an anomalous zonal easterly wind contributed to the phytoplankton bloom in the southeastern Bay of Bengal. In addition, both blooms occurred during Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) years. The absence of the second downwelling Kelvin waves in positive IOD year of 1997–1998 favouring the long residence of the strong cyclonic eddy in the eastern bay, and the strong wind-induced mixing in negative IOD year of 2005 might contribute to enhancing productivity.