Abstract
Following the study of epiphytic lichens in 30 apple orchards from Poland, Slovakia and Italy the list of 74 taxa was prepared. The most common are the meso- to xerophytic and heliophilous species. The highest number of taxa was observed in Slovak orchards. Moreover, lichens shared with at least one other country were also noted mainly in Slovakia. Bark of apple trees seems to create favourable habitats for <em>Bacidia rubella</em>, which together with <em>Strangospora pinicola</em> were valuable founds in Polish orchards. In Slovak orchards, special attention should be paid to <em>Acrocordia gemmata, Melanelixia glabra</em> and <em>Usnea hirta</em>. Among interesting records in Italian orchards, <em>Phaeophyscia hispidula</em> and <em>Ph. kairamoi</em> can be mentioned.
Highlights
In accordance with the assumption of sustainable development policy, the conservation of old orchards can play an important role in supporting the wide variety of wildlife
Some lichenological inventories were conducted in the orchards (e.g., Suza 1936a; Halicz, Kuziel 1958; Kuziel 1964; Kiss 1982; Mészáros et al 1984; Czyżewska 1998; Bartók 1999; Kiszka 1999; Lipnicki 2003; Fałtynowicz et al 2004; Kościelniak 2004; Lush et al 2005; Lipnicki, Sobieralska 2009)
Apple orchards in comparison with other fruit plantations are characterized by quite good light conditions and difficult access to the water on the trunk (Kuziel 1964)
Summary
In accordance with the assumption of sustainable development policy, the conservation of old orchards can play an important role in supporting the wide variety of wildlife. The presence of old orchards in agricultural land can rise species diversity (cf Jermaczek, Jermaczek 2003). Orchards as an example of culture landscape, can influence the spreading of some species (Szczepańska 2008). Some lichenological inventories were conducted in the orchards (e.g., Suza 1936a; Halicz, Kuziel 1958; Kuziel 1964; Kiss 1982; Mészáros et al 1984; Czyżewska 1998; Bartók 1999; Kiszka 1999; Lipnicki 2003; Fałtynowicz et al 2004; Kościelniak 2004; Lush et al 2005; Lipnicki, Sobieralska 2009).
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