Epinephrine adjuvant reduced epidural blood vessel penetration incidence in a randomized, double‐blinded trial

Abstract

Accidental intravascular injection is a significant and potentially devastating risk of epidural block, particularly in parturients whose epidural veins are engorged and hence more easily pierced. This prospective randomized, double-blinded study determined whether the addition of epinephrine to epidural ropivacaine administered by gravity before catheter insertion was associated with fewer epidural catheter blood vessel penetrations. Four hundred and two parturient patients receiving epidural block for elective C/S were randomly allocated to two groups; group I (n=201) received only ropivacaine 0.75% with fentanyl 5μg/mL, whereas group II (n=200) also received epinephrine 5μg/mL. Both groups received a total of 21mL anesthetic solution in four increment doses of 3,5,5,5mL by gravity into the needle through a 22 inch extension tubing before insertion of the closed-end tip catheter. An additional 3mL of the anesthetic solution was then administered through the catheter. Epidural epinephrine adjuvant was associated with fewer epidural vessel penetrations (4% vs. 16.5%, P<0.0001). The addition of epinephrine also significantly reduced catheter insertion problems (12% vs. 23.5%, P-value 0.0024) including the need for catheter readjustment (4.5% vs. 16%, P-value 0.0002) or reinsertion (2.5% vs. 9%, P-value 0.0054). The addition of epinephrine significantly reduced incidence and severity of sedation and had faster onset of surgical block. Sensory level and overall satisfaction did not differ significantly among the groups. The addition of epinephrine to ropivacaine improves the safety and quality of epidural anesthesia when administered by gravity flow via the Hustead needle for cesarean sections.