Abstract

Circadian rhythm influences the regulation of homeostasis and physiological processes, and its disruption could lead to metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CVDs are still the dominant cause of death worldwide, which are related to numerous environmental and hereditary risk factors. Environmental and hereditary factors can clarify a small fraction of the CVD risk discrepancy. Epigenomics is a very bright strategy that will complement the knowledge of the genetic basis of CVDs. Epigenetic mechanisms allow cells to reply promptly to environmental changes and include DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA alterations. According to research data, the circadian rhythm regulates many epigenetic regulators. The challenge is to understand how epigenetic events happen rhythmically in tissues that are involved in the development of CVDs. Epigenetic events are possibly reversible through their interface with environmental and nutritional factors, allowing innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular diseases.

Highlights

  • The word epigenetics comes from the Greek word ‘epi’ that means above; that is, hereditary variations in phenotype that do exclude alterations in the nucleotide sequence in DNA [1]

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are implicated in the expression of circadian genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons and peripheral tissues [2]

  • The second mechanism is using other oscillator proteins such as RORα and REVERBα via REV-ERB/ROR response element (RRE), which are present in the promoters of specific clock-controlled genes (CCGs) (Figure 1)

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Summary

Introduction

The word epigenetics comes from the Greek word ‘epi’ that means above; that is, hereditary variations in phenotype that do exclude alterations in the nucleotide sequence in DNA [1]. Epigenetic mechanisms involve DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) [1]. Many studies focus on the epigenetic mechanisms of various diseases. Epigenetic processes are essential for the healthy growth and development of an organism [1]. Epigenetic mechanisms are implicated in the expression of circadian genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons and peripheral tissues [2]. The accumulation of lifestyle and age-related epigenetic changes could result in the development of metabolic disorders and atherosclerosis [2]. The influence of epigenetic changes on the cardiovascular system is an essential link between genotype to phenotype diversity [3]. Epigenetic changes are potentially reversible and may be affected by environmental factors, nutrition, as well as geneenvironment interactions. Identifying and understanding epigenetic factors represent a new insight into our knowledge of the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1]. Cardiac Diseases - Novel Aspects of Cardiac Risk, Cardiorenal Pathology and Cardiac Interventions

Circadian rhythm
Cardiovascular diseases
Epigenetics
Molecular background of circadian rhythm
Epigenetic changes in circadian rhythm in cardiovascular diseases
DNA methylation and CVDs
Histone modification and CVDs
MicroRNAs and CVDs
Findings
Conclusion
Full Text
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