Epigenetics in Melanoma

Abstract

Melanoma is a highly heterogeneous malignancy that is the result of the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic defects. Genome and transcriptome analyses and extensive studies in DNA methylation, chromatin modifications and nucleosome positioning have revolutionised our genetic and epigenetic knowledge of melanoma over the last decade. Recent progress in melanoma research has shown that epigenetic events play key roles in establishing the correct programme of gene expression. In particular, epigenetics research is unveiling new perspectives on the biology of melanoma and identifying new strategies to fight this disease. DNA methylation and chromatin-modifying enzymes can be used as putative targets for better therapy. On the other hand non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs and snoRNAs are likely being used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for melanoma patients. Long non-coding RNAs function as regulatory molecules in several pathways in melanoma. Deregulation of various long non-coding RNAs in melanoma has been reported. Long non-coding RNAs can be targeted by antisense oligonucleotide or small molecules in order to inhibit their function. This chapter summarises events on aberrant DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning and non-coding RNA expression in human melanoma.