Abstract
The identified non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) include circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, ribosomal RNAs, small interfering RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, and transfer RNAs, etc. Among them, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and microRNAs are regulatory RNAs that have different functional mechanisms and were extensively participated in various biological processes. Numerous research studies have found that circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs played their important roles in avian immune system during the infection of parasites, virus, or bacterium. Here, we specifically review and expand this knowledge with current advances of circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs in the regulation of different avian diseases and discuss their functional mechanisms in response to avian diseases.
Highlights
About 1% of the mammalian genome has the potential to encode proteins, which means a huge amount of non-coding RNAs exist in mammalian transcripts [1]
High-throughput sequencing has been conducted in reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)-infected and non-infected tissues or cells and the results identified many candidate DEmiRNAs involved in REV infection
The underlying functional mechanism of ncRNAs has been revealed in many species, it is still beginning to emerge in response to avian disease, except for miRNAs
Summary
About 1% of the mammalian genome has the potential to encode proteins, which means a huge amount of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) exist in mammalian transcripts [1]. As a kind of stably existing RNA, several circRNA functional mechanisms have been investigated, such as acting as miRNA sponges [28] (Figure 1g), interacting with RNA binding protein (RBP) [29,30] (Figure 1h) and translating to a functional peptide (Figure 1i) [31,32]. With the deep study of molecular biology, miRNA was given several new functions It could regulate the expression of circRNA by recruiting Argonaute (AGO) protein to interact with circRNA (Figure 1k). In spite of the underlying mechanisms of those newly identified miRNA functions warrant further analysis, these novel functions provided us the new area to study the potential role of miRNAs. The important roles of lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs in regulating the pathogenicity of many diseases have been mainly discovered in humans. This review sheds light on the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs on chicken immunity and be helpful for identifying potential ncRNA biomarkers for avian diseases
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