Epigenetic dolomitization and iron mineralization along faults and their possible relation to the paleohydrology of southern Israel

Abstract

Iron mineralization occurs in carbonate rocks of the Cretaceous Judea Group in northern Sinai and the Negev. This mineralization, along with strong enrichment of trace metals, fills fissures and veins. The mineralization is not directly emplaced into the Judea Group limestones but rather within epigenetic dolomites or ankerites which postdate the country rocks. The epigenetic phenomena are narrowly restricted to regional tectonic lineaments. The association of mineralization phenomena with tectonic zones of high permeability suggests that fluid transfer between two distinctly different geochemical environments was the main mineral emplacing agent. Epigenetic dolomitization initially resulted from upflow of old Mg-rich brines along the fault face. During later stages, the residual CaCl 2 brines flowing through the underlying Paleozoic-Mesozoic clastic rocks accumulated Fe and trace metals by leaching of volcanic intrusions. The introduction, via faulting, of these pressurized, acidic, low Eh, metal-bearing brines into the overlying aerated and alkaline carbonate surroundings led to precipitation of Fe which in turn scavenged the trace metals. The Mg-rich brines developed during the Cambrian-Lower Cretaceous mostly continental time-interval. The episodic expulsion of pressurized dolomitizing and metal-bearing brines was related to various stages of tectonic and igneous activity occuring during the Early Miocene-Pleistocene.