Epigenetic Control of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Neurons

Joseph R Kurian,Ei Terasawa

doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00061

Abstract

Epigenetic modifications to the genome, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, occur in response to external stimuli. Reproductive function is highly sensitive to environmental conditions including season, diet, hormonal changes, and exposure to chemical contaminants. GnRH neurons, which play a key role in reproduction, are particularly sensitive to various environmental stimuli. We recently reported that the rhesus monkey GnRH gene exhibits distinct epigenetic changes during embryonic development. More recently, we further found that a similar epigenetic phenomenon occurs across puberty. In this article we highlight recent findings, including those of afferent inputs, to describe the epigenetic control of GnRH circuit development as a link between the environment and reproductive function.

Highlights

Epigenetic mechanisms are responsible for the tremendous diversity among cell phenotype and function
While preliminary evidence suggests the intriguing possibility that LSD1 directly alters hypothalamic development during the pubertal transition, models for cell or region specific genetic manipulations will be necessary to verify this interpretation. These models will be critical for determining the primary activity of LSD1 (i.e., H3K4 or H3K9 demethylation) as it relates to GnRH circuit development and reproductive maturation
Our understanding of epigenetic regulation of GnRH neurons and neuroendocrine function in general is in its infancy, though the three reports detailed in this review indicate the importance of a shifting epigenetic structure at genes responsible for the development of reproductive function

Summary

Epigenetic control of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons

Oregon Health & Science University, USA Toni R. Epigenetic modifications to the genome, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, occur in response to external stimuli. Reproductive function is highly sensitive to environmental conditions including season, diet, hormonal changes, and exposure to chemical contaminants. GnRH neurons, which play a key role in reproduction, are sensitive to various environmental stimuli. We recently reported that the rhesus monkey GnRH gene exhibits distinct epigenetic changes during embryonic development. We further found that a similar epigenetic phenomenon occurs across puberty. In this article we highlight recent findings, including those of afferent inputs, to describe the epigenetic control of GnRH circuit development as a link between the environment and reproductive function

INTRODUCTION

Kurian and Terasawa

CONCLUSION