Abstract
Immediate treatment for cutaneous injuries is a realistic approach to improve the healing rate and minimise the risk of complications. Multifunctional biomaterials have been proven to be a potential strategy for chronic skin wound management, especially for future advancements in precision medicine. Hence, antioxidant incorporated biomaterials play a vital role in the new era of tissue engineering. A bibliographic investigation was conducted on articles focusing on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies that evaluate the effect and the antioxidants mechanism exerted by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in wound healing and its ability to act as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Over the years, EGCG has been proven to be a potent antioxidant efficient for wound healing purposes. Therefore, several novel studies were included in this article to shed light on EGCG incorporated biomaterials over five years of research. However, the related papers under this review’s scope are limited in number. All the studies showed that biomaterials with scavenging ability have a great potential to combat chronic wounds and assist the wound healing process against oxidative damage. However, the promising concept has faced challenges extending beyond the trial phase, whereby the implementation of these biomaterials, when exposed to an oxidative stress environment, may disrupt cell proliferation and tissue regeneration after transplantation. Therefore, thorough research should be executed to ensure a successful therapy.
Highlights
The split skin graft (SSG) and commercially available tissue engineering medical products (TEMPs) are the gold standard treatments for skin injuries
reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial role in the wound healing process, in which a balanced level of ROS is essential, in combatting delayed cutaneous injury caused by chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease
This phase is characterised by neutrophils, mast cells, and macrophages causing the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) as well as the growth factors of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Summary
The split skin graft (SSG) and commercially available tissue engineering medical products (TEMPs) are the gold standard treatments for skin injuries. ROS plays a crucial role in the wound healing process, in which a balanced level of ROS is essential, in combatting delayed cutaneous injury caused by chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease. The domination of protease above the inhibitors leads to extracellular matrix destruction, accelerating the proliferation and inflammation phases. This process triggers ROS to rise, resulting in premature cells and defective extracellular matrix proteins [4]. The damaged tissue undergoes a complex healing process to self-repair. During this process, several growth factors, cells, free radicals, and prooxidant species are engendered by the body’s immune response. Various studies have propounded incorporating an antioxidant and/or free radical scavenging function in biomaterials to aid tissue regeneration and body function repair [6]
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