Abstract
Bone quality is a significant indicator of the result of bone treatments. However, information regarding the quality of regenerated bones is limited. The study investigates the effect of different compositions of vacuum heated epigallocatechin gallate-modified gelatins sponge (vhEGCG-GS) on the quality of regenerated bones in critical size defects (9 mm) of rat calvariae. Five different compositions of vhEGCG-GSs containing the same amount of EGCG and different amounts of gelatin were tested. Following four weeks after implantation, the harvested regenerated bones were evaluated by using micro-computed tomography analysis, histological evaluation (hematoxylin-eosin and Villaneueva Goldner staining), picrosirius red-staining with polarized microscopic observation for collagen maturation, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscopy and imaging analysis for mineral-matrix ratio. The results indicated that increasing content of gelatin in the vhEGCG-GSs promoted bone and osteoid formation but yielded porous bones. Furthermore, tissue mineral density decreased and the maximum mineral-matrix ratio increased. In contrast, vhEGCG-GSs containing smaller amount of gelatin formed mature collagen matrix in the regenerated bones. These results suggest that the alteration of composition of vhEGCG-GSs affected the bone forming capability and quality of regenerated bone and provides valuable insight for the fabrication of new bone substitute materials.
Highlights
Bone is an organized tissue composed of rigid inorganic biological apatite and flexible bone matrix such as type 1 collagen [1]
Five types of vhEGCG-GSs (Table 1) were tested, which were designated as vhEGCG-GS[x] where x represented the amount of gelatin at synthesis. vhEGCG-GS[0.01] contained the smallest amount of gelatin
We demonstrated that different compositions of vhEGCG-GSs altered the quality of regenerated bones in particular the bone structure, mineralization, and collagen status
Summary
Bone is an organized tissue composed of rigid inorganic biological apatite and flexible bone matrix such as type 1 collagen [1]. Bone formation in large bone defects attributed to trauma, cancer, or congenital anomaly poses a challenge in dentistry and maxillofacial, plastic, and orthopedic surgery [2,3,4] Various biomaterials such as calcium phosphate, natural and artificial polymers, growth factors, and their combinations have been applied to assess their effectiveness in bone regeneration therapy [4,5,6,7]. Various parameters have been proposed to assess bone quality such as bone architecture (porosity), bone turnover, bone mineralization, and micro damage accumulation [10,11] These parameters account for the mineralization, collagen status, mineral-matrix ratio, and chemical stability of hydroxyapatite [10,11]. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of different compositions of vhEGCG-GSs on bone forming capability and quality of regenerated bones. Collagen maturation and the maximum mineralization-matrix ratio were assessed by using picro-sirius-red staining with polarized microscopic observation and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy and imaging analysis, respectively
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