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Abstract
BackgroundRubella is a common mild rash illness caused by rubella virus. The majority of infections occur in children and young adults. The infection is the cause of a serious birth defect known as Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) when a woman acquires infection early in pregnancy. Ethiopia has not yet established rubella virus surveillance and has not yet introduced rubella vaccine into the routine immunization program. We characterize the epidemiology of laboratory confirmed rubella virus cases collected through measles surveillance from 2009 to 2015 to better understand the burden of the disease in the country.MethodsA descriptive analysis was made to characterize rubella cases reported through the national measles case based surveillance system. The measles case definition was used to capture potential rubella cases. A suspected measles case was a person with generalized rash and fever with cough, or coryza or conjunctivitis. Those cases whose sera were negative for measles IgM antibodies were tested for rubella IgM antibody. A confirmed rubella case was a person who tested positive for rubella IgM. Only laboratory confirmed rubella cases were analyzed in this article.ResultsBetween 2009 and 2015, a total of 28,284 serum/plasma samples were collected and tested for measles IgM antibody and 11,151 (39.4%) were found positive. A total of 17,066 measles IgM negative or indeterminate samples were tested for rubella virus IgM and 2615 (15.3%) were found positive during the same period. Of 2615 confirmed rubella cases, 52.2% were females. The age of confirmed cases ranged from one month to 42 years with a mean age of 7.3 years. Three-fourth of all confirmed rubella cases were aged less than 10 years. The number of laboratory confirmed rubella cases linearly increased from 83 in 2009 to 856 in 2013 but dropped to 222 and 319 in 2014 and 2015 respectively. Higher number of cases occurred in the hot dry season (January through June) and in the central and western part of Ethiopia with 127 lab-confirmed outbreaks in the study period.ConclusionsBased on our analysis, rubella was found to be endemic throughout Ethiopia. Children below the age of 10 years were the most affected. The burden of rubella cases varied from year to year but had a seasonal peak in March. To better understand the magnitude of rubella prior to vaccine introduction, establishing rubella surveillance system, conducting sero-prevalence studies among child bearing age females and establishing CRS sentinel surveillance among young infants are critical.
Highlights
Rubella is a common mild rash illness caused by rubella virus
Rubella usually occurs during childhood, but infection occurring just before conception and during early pregnancy may result in miscarriage, fetal death, or congenital defects of newborns known as Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
The highest risk of CRS is found in countries with high rates of susceptibility to rubella among women of child bearing age
Summary
Rubella is a common mild rash illness caused by rubella virus. The infection is the cause of a serious birth defect known as Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) when a woman acquires infection early in pregnancy. Known as German measles, is a mild selflimited viral illness which shares similar symptoms of rash and fever with measles infection. Rubella usually occurs during childhood, but infection occurring just before conception and during early pregnancy may result in miscarriage, fetal death, or congenital defects of newborns known as Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). The effects of rubella virus on the fetus are largely dependent on when in pregnancy the infection occurs; the younger the fetus when infected, the more severe the illness as the fetus is early in organo-genesis. Rubella occurs worldwide in non-vaccinated population with varying incidences of outbreaks [1,2,3,4]
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