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Abstract
Ultimate is a high-intensity, non-contact team sport played with a flying disc (e.g., frisbee). Despite the growing popularity of ultimate worldwide, there is limited information about the epidemiology of injury in the sport. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and synthesis of the literature on the epidemiology of injury in ultimate. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in five electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, SPORTDiscus, and AusportMed). All databases were searched from inception to 1 July 2020. A total of eleven studies were included and qualitatively synthesized. Injury incidence rate estimates ranged from 0.4 to 84.9 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures. The lifetime prevalence of any injury and concussion were 100% and 26%, respectively. The most commonly injured body region was the lower limb, with the knee and thigh being the most frequently injured anatomical locations. The most frequent injury types were muscle injuries and superficial contusions. The most common injury situation was direct contact with another player. There is a substantial risk of injury in ultimate, in particular muscle strains and joint sprains to the knee and shoulder areas. Development and implementation of effective, sport-specific injury prevention initiatives, including improved injury risk management and sport safety culture, should be a priority to reduce the burden of injury in ultimate.
Highlights
Flying disc sports is an umbrella term for a diverse range of sports played with a flying disc, including ultimate, guts, disc golf, and discathon [1]
Eligible studies had to investigate injuries sustained during ultimate training or competition, and report on incidence or prevalence, injury pattern, or risk factors
Hess and colleagues [32] found that athletes sustained more injuries when playing on artificial turf compared to natural grass (RR 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–1.53). They reported a higher injury incidence rate when playing on a wet surface than a dry surface, but the difference was not statistically significant (RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.98–2.11)
Summary
Flying disc sports is an umbrella term for a diverse range of sports played with a flying disc (e.g., frisbee), including ultimate, guts, disc golf, and discathon [1]. The most popular among these is ultimate, which is played on a field of 100 m by 37 m (i.e., approximately the same length but half the width of a soccer pitch), including 18 m end-zones at each end [2]. Each of which comprising a maximum of seven on-field players, aim to score a goal in the opposing team’s end-zone [2]. The disc is advanced through the field by the offensive team throwing it between players while the defensive team is trying to intercept and take possession of the disc [2]. A goal is scored when a player on the offensive team receives the disc in the opposing team’s end-zone. There is a five-minute break at half-time, which occurs when one team has scored eight goals [2], and the teams switch end-zones before resuming play. An interesting feature of ultimate is that the sport is self-refereed with a great
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