Epidemiology of Hepatitis C infection in pregnancy: Patterns and trends in West Virginia using statewide surveillance data

Abstract

Background The increasing rate of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been attributed to the substance use epidemic. There is limited data on the current rates of the paralleling HCV epidemic. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of maternal HCV infection in West Virginia (WV) and identify contributing factors. Methods Population-based retrospective cohort study of all pregnant individual(s) who gave birth in WV between 01/01/2020 to 01/30/2024 (N = 69,925). Multiple log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the adjusted risk ratio (ARR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The rate of maternal HCV infection was 38 per 1,000 deliveries. The mean age of pregnant individual(s) with HCV was 29.99 (SD 4.95). The risk of HCV was significantly higher in White vs. minority racial groups [ARR 1.93 (1.50, 2.49)], those with less than [ARR 1.57 (1.37, 1.79)] or at least high school [ARR 1.31 (1.17, 1.47)] vs. more than high school education, those on Medicaid [ARR 2.32 (1.99, 2.71)] vs. private health insurance, those residing in small-metro [ARR 1.32 (1.17, 1.48)] and medium-metro [ARR 1.41 (1.24, 1.61)], vs. rural areas, and those who smoked [ARR 3.51 (3.10, 3.97)]. HCV risk was highest for those using opioids [ARR 4.43 (3.95, 4.96)]; followed by stimulant use [ARR = 1.79 (1.57, 2.04)]. Conclusions Our findings highlight that maternal age, race, education, and type of health insurance are associated with maternal HCV infection. The magnitude of association was highest for pregnant individual(s) who smoked and used opioids and stimulants during pregnancy in WV.