Abstract
A multidisciplinary epidemiological investigation was instituted to find clues to the peculiar geographical distribution of esophageal cancer in the Caspian Littoral of Iran, where in some Turkoman villages, the incidence is among the highest in the world. This article reviews the findings concerning cultural habits, dietary patterns, staple food items, environmental exogenous carcinogens, and cocarcinogens in both high- and low-incidence areas, and their possible association with the disease. This is a good example of the importance of international cooperation in epidemiologic investigations.
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