Abstract
Objectives: To map the alcohol hot spots and understand the Sociodemographic Indices (SDI) affecting alcohol consumption in Indian men and women.Methods: Data from National Family Health Survey-4 carried out from 2015 to 2016 with a sample size of 103,411 men and 699,686 women were used for Geographic Information System mapping, and hot spot identification by spatial statistics (Getis-Ord Gi*). Bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze SDI.Results: India has three major alcohol hot spots: (1) North-East (NE) states, (2) Eastern Peninsular states formed by Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, and Telangana, and (3) Southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hot spot analysis strongly correlated with region-wise analysis of SDI. Respondents who consumed tobacco have higher odds (men adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.42; women aOR: 4.30) of consuming alcohol. Except for religion and social category, other socioeconomic factors have a low to moderate effect on alcohol consumption.Conclusions: Hot spots and high-risk districts of alcohol consumption identified in this study can guide public health policies for targeted intervention. Alcohol use is at the discretion of individual states and union territories, and stringent anti-alcohol policies strictly enforced across India are the keys to control alcohol use.
Highlights
As per WHO, worldwide, an estimated annual three million deaths and 5.1% of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of the world are attributed to alcohol consumption [1]
The data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) were used for Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial statistics to map the major alcohol hot spots in India
Only 1.2% of women in India consume alcohol, whereas the national average for men is 29.2%. Alcohol consumption by both men and women is high in NE and Eastern states of India
Summary
As per WHO, worldwide, an estimated annual three million deaths and 5.1% of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of the world are attributed to alcohol consumption [1]. Alcohol consumption is a leading cause of global disease burden and health loss, and in 2016, it was ranked seventh in risk factors linked to deaths and DALYs [2]. According to National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), 29.2 men and 1.2% women consume alcohol [14]. India does not have a solid national policy on alcohol consumption, and its use is regulated at the level of individual states and UT. Other than a geospatial study of alcohol use based on 1998’s Special Fertility and Mortality Survey [16], very little information is available on the statistically significant hot spot clusters of alcohol consumption at the district level in India. The Sociodemographic Indices (SDI) have been analyzed separately in men and women to identify the risk factors that influence alcohol consumption
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