Abstract
As a part of a Pilot Monitoring Program of honey bee health coordinated by the EURL (European Union Reference Laboratory) and according to the criteria established for Spain, 14 apiaries in Castilla-La Mancha were selected at random and sampled during the autumns of 2012-2014 to identify the most prevalent nosogenic agents, potentially those related to the honey bee colony collapse phenomenon. In all the apiaries studied, Nosema ceranae was the most prevalent pathogen detected over the three years, confirming the worldwide spread of this microsporidian, a pathogen that negatively affects honey bee health at an individual and colony level. Trypanosomatids were also very prevalent in honey bee colonies, although the majority of Trypanosomatids detected were not Crithidia mellificae but rather the genetically distinct Lotmaria passim lineage. We also detected Varroa destructor mites, and the particularly high prevalence in 2014 suggests a possible problem regarding mite control in field conditions that requires attention. In agreement with data from other regions, the BQCV and DWV were the most prevalent viruses in honey bee colonies and thus, the Varroa-DVW interaction may be an important cause of bee colony mortality. While there was little evidence of a relationship between the BQCV virus and N. ceranae under field conditions during 2012, this was not the case in 2013 and 2014. Finally, the AKI-complex or LSV-complex was not detected. The information obtained in this study should help orientate future plans for honey bee disease control.
Highlights
The honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, plays an essential role in the developmental cycle of a large number of plant species (Breeze et al, 2011) and it has produced food for human consumption for thousands of years (Chauzat et al, 2013)
As a part of a Pilot Monitoring Program of honey bee health coordinated by the EURL (European Union Reference Laboratory) and according to the criteria established for Spain, 14 apiaries in Castilla-La Mancha were selected at random and sampled during the autumns of 2012-2014 to identify the most prevalent nosogenic agents, potentially those related to the honey bee colony collapse phenomenon
In all the apiaries studied, Nosema ceranae was the most prevalent pathogen detected over the three years, confirming the worldwide spread of this microsporidian, a pathogen that negatively affects honey bee health at an individual and colony level
Summary
The honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, plays an essential role in the developmental cycle of a large number of plant species (Breeze et al, 2011) and it has produced food (honey and pollen) for human consumption for thousands of years (Chauzat et al, 2013). Persistent honey bee colony losses may be most problematic in areas like Spain, where professional beekeepers are essentially dedicated to honey production. Spain is the country with the greatest honey production in Europe (more than 29 thousand tons: MAGRAMA 2012, 2013), the largest number of honey bee colonies (more than 2.5 million on 01/05/2014: MAGRAMA, 2013) and the highest percentage of professional beekeepers (Chauzat et al, 2013). For this reason, honey bee colony losses are a major concern in this country.
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