Epidemiological factors associated with helminths and coccidia in zebu calves under pastoralism in Isiolo County Kenya

In Kenya, helminthosis and coccidiosis in cattle, is reported to be the second highest cause of death in zebu calves up to 12 months old, estimated at 12% mortality rate. The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth and coccidia infections among zebu calves in Isiolo County in Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted in between November and December, 2020 in Isiolo North and South Constituencies. Garbatulla and Burat Wards in Isiolo North and Kinna Ward in Isiolo South were purposively selected due to high number of large cattle herds compared to other areas. A total of 411 calves from 34 cattle herds aged between 3 weeks and 12 months were randomly selected for the study. Faecal samples were obtained from the rectum or immediately after defaecation for laboratory analysis, in a veterinary laboratory located in Kinna Ward in Isiolo south Constituency that is virtually meant for research. Faecal egg counts and coccidian oocyst were identified and estimated using the McMaster faecal floatation technique. The prevalence was determined by dividing positive number by the total number tested and the converted to percentage form. The overall prevalence of helminth and coccidia infections was estimated at 66.9% (275/411). Concurrent helminth and coccidia prevalence were slightly low, estimated at 16.5% (68/411). Coccidia infection was the most prevalent type of infection estimated at 45.7% (188/411) while the prevalence of helminths was 38.4% (158/411). Strongyle infection was predominant among other helminths detected with a prevalence of 29.4% (121/411) followed by Strongyloides 6.5% (27/411), Monezia 2.7% (4/411), Toxocara 1% (4/411) and Trichuris 0.2% (1/411). The results of this study indicated that prevalence of helminth and coccidia infections in calves is high dominated by strongyles and coccidia.

Stroke is brain damage that appears suddenly, progressively and rapidly due to non- traumatic brain blood circulation disorders. Stroke was the second highest cause of death in the world in 2015 and the highest cause of death in Indonesia in 2014 (1); The aim of this research is to find out what the process of implementing Sufistic counseling is to increase the life motivation of a stroke patient in Hargomulyo village, Sekampung District, East Lampung Regency. , To find out what the physiological and psychological conditions of stroke patients are like after being given the application of Sufistic counseling in Hargomulyo village, Sekampung sub-district, East Lampung regency (2); This research uses qualitative research methods with a field research approach. The data sources used were primary data sources that used the snowball sampling technique in this research, namely the NS informant, the NS informant's wife, and the three children of the NS informant. Meanwhile, secondary data sources use journals, articles, books, the internet, notes and documentation. Data collection techniques use interviews, observation and documentation. As well as data analysis techniques using data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions (3); The results of this research are: the process of implementing Sufistic counseling to increase life motivation in a stroke patient in Hargomulyo Village, Sekampung District, East Lampung Regency can be carried out in several stages, namely Takhalli, Tahalli, and Tajalli; There was an increase in motivation to live in stroke patients who in this study were NS informants after being given sufistic counseling, which was seen from the results of NS informant meetings conducted by researchers which showed that the condition improved gradually; There was an improvement in the physiological condition of NS informants, such as starting to be able to walk, being able to sit and eat on their own and doing light activities. Meanwhile, regarding the psychological condition of informant NS, he felt calm and enthusiastic about recovering from his stroke (4).

Stroke disease became the second highest cause of death in the world in 2015 and the highest cause of death in Indonesia in 2014. The prevalence of stroke in people over 15 years of age in Indonesia based on the results of the 2018 Village Health Research (Riskesdas) was 10.9/mil, which means that out of 1000 residents, 10.9 residents experienced stroke, the province with the most residents experiencing stroke was East Kalimantan province with a total of 14.7/mil, while South Kalimantan province was ranked 6th with the number of stroke sufferers reaching 13.3/mil. Research Objectives: To identify fiber, sodium and blood pressure intake in hemorrhagic stroke patients at Prof. Dr. W. Z. Johannes Kupang Regional Hospital. Research Methods : The type of research used was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. This descriptive study was based on the research objectives, namely to determine the description of fiber, sodium and blood pressure intake in hemorrhagic stroke patients in outpatient care at Prof. Dr. W. Z. Johannes Kupang Regional Hospital. Dr. W. Z Johannes Kupang. Results : The results of the univariate study showed that the gender of hemorrhagic stroke patients was mostly female, 17 people (56.7%). The highest education was high school, 16 people (53.3%). The level of fiber intake of hemorrhagic stroke patients was in the severe deficit category, 12 people (40.0%). The level of sodium intake of hemorrhagic stroke patients was in the severe deficit category, 30 people (100%).

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (< 6 months old), immature (6-12 months old) and adult (> 12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6-12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.

Background: Stroke is the second highest cause of death in the world and the highest cause of disability in the world. The 2018 RISKESDAS results showed that the prevalence of stroke cases in Indonesia was 10.9%. Stroke has a lot of impact on patients and their families. Progressive muscle relaxation therapy is one of the therapies that can be used to increase the muscle strength of the elderly after a non-hemorrhagic stroke by relaxing and tensing the body’s muscles. Purpose: The study aimed to apply progressive muscle relaxation therapy to increase muscle strength in the elderly after a non-hemorrhagic stroke. Method: The study was descriptive research with a case study approach. The subjects were the elderly after a non-hemorrhagic stroke. Data were obtained through interviews, observations, physical examinations, and documentation studies. Result: Before applying the therapy, the patients’ muscle strength value was 3; the patients’ hand grip was weak. After doing the therapy for 3 days, the patients’ muscle strength was still 3, but the patients’ hand grip felt tight. Conclusion: The elderly people after non-hemorrhagic stroke are recommended to do progressive muscle relaxation therapy once a day with a duration of 15-20 minutes to stimulate the muscles so that it can increase their muscle strength.

This study was undertaken in two adopted villages of a semi-arid zone of India (namely Mahuan and Bhahai) to assess the prevalence rates of different parasitic infections in goats and the various factors affecting them. In a 4-years study, the effect of various factors like year and season of sampling, farmer’s land holding, flock size, sex and age of the animals along with interactions, were observed and analyzed. The common parasites profile of both villages was equal. Coccidian infection in both villages (36.96 and 41.81 percent, respectively) was marked by the presence of &lt;em&gt;Eimeria arliongi, E. ninakohlyakimovae&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;E. parva&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt; E. caprina&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;E. alijevi&lt;/em&gt; species, while gastro-intestinal nematode infections (23.17 and 27.23 percent respectively) were dominated by the presence of &lt;em&gt;Haemonchus contortus&lt;/em&gt;. The study revealed that different environmental factors, like farmer’s land holding, herd size and age of the animal, significantly influenced the load of coccidian infection. Among nematode ones, the effects of factors like herd size and age of the animals were significant on fecal egg count, whereas for Moniezial infection sampling year, land holding capacity of farmers and flock size had significant effect on fecal egg count of animals. We can conclude that the interaction effect between sampling village per sampling year had only a significant effect on coccidian infection of goats (P&amp;lt;0.05).

This study was undertaken in two adopted villages of a semi-arid zone of India (namely Mahuan and Bhahai) to assess the prevalence rates of different parasitic infections in goats and the various factors affecting them. In a 4-years study, the effect of various factors like year and season of sampling, farmer’s land holding, flock size, sex and age of the animals along with interactions, were observed and analyzed. The common parasites profile of both villages was equal. Coccidian infection in both villages (36.96 and 41.81 percent, respectively) was marked by the presence of Eimeria arliongi, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. parva, E. caprina, E. alijevi species, while gastro-intestinal nematode infections (23.17 and 27.23 percent respectively) were dominated by the presence of Haemonchus contortus. The study revealed that different environmental factors, like farmer’s land holding, herd size and age of the animal, significantly influenced the load of coccidian infection. Among nematode ones, the effects of factors like herd size and age of the animals were significant on fecal egg count, whereas for Moniezial infection sampling year, land holding capacity of farmers and flock size had significant effect on fecal egg count of animals. We can conclude that the interaction effect between sampling village per sampling year had only a significant effect on coccidian infection of goats (P&lt;0.05).

Prognostic factors, morbidity and mortality in pancreatic trauma: A critical appraisal of 432 consecutive patients treated at a Level 1 Trauma Centre

The second highest cause of death among males is Prostate Cancer (PCa) in America. Over the globe, it's the usual case in men, and the annual PCa ratio is very surprising. Identical to other prognosis and diagnostic medical systems, deep learning-based automated recognition and detection systems (i.e., Computer Aided Detection (CAD) systems) have gained enormous attention in PCA. These paradigms have attained promising results with a high segmentation, detection, and classification accuracy ratio. Numerous researchers claimed efficient results from deep learning-based approaches compared to other ordinary systems that utilized pathological samples. This research is intended to perform prostate segmentation using transfer learning-based Mask R-CNN, which is consequently helpful in prostate cancer detection. Lastly, limitations in current work, research findings, and prospects have been discussed.

Chapter seventeen - Nutraceuticals and functional food in cancer prevention and treatment

Costa Rica Marks Improvement in Morphine Consumption

Design and Development of a Hand Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation Following Stroke

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a known risk factor for cardiovascular death in Western countries. Because Japan has a low cardiovascular death rate, the association between a lower level of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and mortality in Japan’s general population is unknown. To clarify this, we conducted a community-based longitudinal study. This study included 3253 subjects, who received spirometry from 2004 to 2006 in Takahata, with a 7-year follow-up. The causes of death were assessed on the basis of the death certificate. In 338 subjects, airflow obstruction was observed by spirometry. A total of 127 subjects died. Cardiovascular death was the second highest cause of death in this population. The pulmonary functions of the deceased subjects were significantly lower than those of the subjects who were alive at the end of follow-up. The relative risk of death by all causes, respiratory failure, lung cancer, and cardiovascular disease was significantly increased with airflow obstruction. The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that all-cause and cardiovascular mortality significantly increased with a worsening severity of airflow obstruction. After adjusting for possible factors that could influence prognosis, a Cox proportional hazard model analysis revealed that a lower level of FEV1 was an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (per 10% increase; hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82–0.98; and HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.61–0.86, respectively). In conclusion, airflow obstruction is an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular death in the Japanese general population. Spirometry might be a useful test to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular death and detect the risk of respiratory death by lung cancer or respiratory failure in healthy Japanese individuals.

Cancer is the second highest cause of death globally, with about 70% of deaths occurring in low- or middle-income countries, thus calling for efficient cures. Nanotechnology research has evidenced numerous therapeutic innovations that target the tumor tissues either passively or actively. Camptothecin is a potent anticancer drug which has shown appreciable antitumor activity against a broad spectrum of cancers such as breast, ovarian, colon, lung and stomach. Nonetheless, applications of camptothecin are limited by water insolubility, rapid conversion of its bioactive lactone form to inactive carboxylate under physiological conditions, drug resistance and off-target side effects. Here, we review the delivery of camptothecin by active and passive targeting for anticancer activity. We discuss the mechanism of action and the novel targeted drug delivery platforms that have been explored for the delivery of camptothecin for the treatment of solid tumors.

Background: Breast cancer is a malignancy in breast tissue. Breast cancer is the second highest cause of death from cancer in Indonesia. One of the main causes of death in breast cancer is metastatic breast cancer which the 5-year survival rate is only 23.3%. Vitamin D levels and expression of Vitamin D receptors are very important in the process of angiogenesis, especially in endothelial cells of tumor’s blood vessels. Activation of vitamin D receptors and vitamin D will inhibit the process of neo-angiogenesis thereby reducing the risk of metastasis. Decreased angiogenesis activity can be seen from VEGF-A expression. Method: The research’s design is cross-sectional research. The study was done by immunohistochemical staining of breast cancer tissue of patients with metastatic breast cancer for the expression of vitamin D receptors and VEGF-A. Results: Total patients of this study are 24 patients. It was obtained 19 people (79,2%) aged &lt;50 years and 5 people (20,8%) aged&gt; 50 years. It was also obtained 4 people (16,6%) with liver metastases, 6 people (25%) with contralateral breast metastases, 4 people (16,6%) with pulmonary metastases, and 10 people (41,8%) with bone metastases. The mean expression of vitamin D receptors was 67,1%±14,1% and the mean VEGF-A was 67,5%±6,7%. It was found that there was a significant relationship between the expression of vitamin D receptors and VEGF-A (p = 0.007). The cut-off point of VDR is 74,38% and VEGF-A is 69,1%. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between VDR expression and VEGF-A expression in patients with metastatic breast cancer