Epidemiological Factors Associated with COVID-19 Clusters in Medical and Social Welfare Facilities.

The important role of serology for COVID-19 control

Purpose: The purpose of conducting this study was to develop a model for combining the existing types of social welfare facilities and the newly developed types of new-Hanok-style public buildings. This model will be used as the foundation when planning the construction of individual new-Hanok-style social welfare facilities. Method: First, the theoretical basis was determined through consideration of the concept and characteristics of new-Hanok-style public buildings and the characteristics of social welfare facilities. Second, the considerations for applying new-Hanok-style elements to social welfare facilities with various characteristics were determined. Third, we proposed a combination model of new-Hanok-style social welfare facilities by searching for ways to apply the various structure types of new-Hanok-style public buildings to various types of social welfare facilities. Result: The new-Hanok-style combined model of social welfare facilities was divided into the wood-structure-alone type, wood-structure-village type, complex-structure-juxtaposition-parallel-high-rise type, complex-structure- juxtapositionstacked stratification type, and composite-structure-fusion type. The results can be used as a reference when planning future social welfare facilities, with the application examples of representative types of social welfare facilities analyzed in this study serving as a reference.

Is Africa prepared for tackling the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Lessons from past outbreaks, ongoing pan-African public health efforts, and implications for the future

Roles of Public Health Centers and Cluster-Based Approach for COVID-19 Response in Japan.

Purpose: It was recognized that the method of combining New Han-ok style public buildings according to each type of user or function of various social welfare facilities and the theoretical arrangement of each type as a result was necessary. This study intends to present the theoretical basis for presenting various types, functions, and combination models of New Han-ok style social welfare facilities as New Han-ok style public buildings according to the types of existing social welfare facilities. Method: In order to develop a specific type model for New Han-ok style social welfare facilities, the problems and limitations of previous studies were reviewed, and the types of social welfare facilities presented in the previous study and the criteria for application and combination of New Han-ok style social welfare facilities were first presented. Result: This study is a study to develop a model of the type of New Han-ok style welfare facility that combines the concept of New Han-ok style building that aims to apply modern architectural technology or construction method that can cope with modern needs while inheriting various social welfare facilities and Han-ok

Delivering Dialysis During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Strategies and Outcomes

Organ procurement and transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose : It is necessary to classify the types of social welfare facilities divided into various categories and to identify the characteristics and to cope with new demands such as complexity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the type and characteristics of social welfare facilities that are subdivided according to individual laws and to propose a mixed-use model based on this analysis. The plan calls for the use of social welfare facilities as basic data when planning social welfare facilities or improving related laws and systems and producing guidelines. Method : First, the concept was set up by examining the theoretical and legal definitions of social welfare facilities. The present state of the social welfare facilities and policies were reviewed and the new types and architectural laws were reviewed. Second, we set the criteria of type classification, analyzed the types of users, operation method, and major functions. Third, we set up a classification system for each user and analyzed the main functions, spatial characteristics, and types for each user. Finally, we analyzed the characteristics of the type and derived a composite model. Result : This study classified the types of various social welfare facilities based on laws and precedent studies. Then, the composite model were derived by analyzing the characteristics of each type. Therefore, this study is meant to utilize it as basic data onto the construction plan of social welfare facilities. First, nine types of social welfare facilities were organized according to their operating modes and functions. Second, by analyzing the characteristics of social welfare facilities by type, duplicated or missing functions and facilities were derived. Third, by analyzing the characteristics of the subjects, two types of complexity models were derived.

Land left after urban industrial enterprises relocate is usually planned for various land-use types that can influence human health risks. In China, urban development consists of at least eight land uses: urban residential (UR), public administration/service (PA/S), commercial/service (C/S), industrial, logistics storage, transportation (TR), public utility, and park green space. The (PA/S) type has two classes: PA/S1 includes administrative, cultural relics and historic, foreign affairs, and religious facility lands, with adults the sensitive recipients. Class PA/S2 includes lands related to cultural facilities, education and scientific research, sports, medical, and social welfare facilities, in which children are the sensitive recipients. The UR type has UR 1 and UR 2 classes with and without underground space, respectively. The C/S type has C/S1 and C/S2 classes with and without underground space, respectively. The TR type has TR1, TR2, and TR3 classes which indicate urban road, subway, and traffic hub land, respectively. To the above, we applied conceptual models and exposure pathways of volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds. Exposure parameters were investigated for six regions and above eight land uses featuring different soil, climate, and population behavior characteristics: north, east, south, northwest, northeast, and southwest (covering China entirely). Risk controlling values (RCVs) corresponding to a lifetime cancer risk of 10-6 in this paper were calculated using the C-GAC model introduced by 'Chinese Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites' with above exposure parameters to determine whether it has potentially significant levels of contamination that may warrant further investigation. Our results revealed two main patterns: (1) our soil risk controlling values for the six regions-north, east, south, northwest, northeast, and southwest-revealed some between-region variability (up to 28%). Hence, for urban contaminated sites in different regions of China, different RCVs should be considered when evaluating possible health risks. (2) The results for the organic pollutants tested across the eight types of land use showed maximum values up to 90 times the minimum value. The greater the risk controlling value of the same pollutant, the less sensitive the site is to that pollutant. Urban road land, traffic hub land, and park green space land are not sensitive to volatile organic pollutants.

With the continuous development of the social economy, the city has a chaotic image of unwarranted expansion, so the proposal of compact cities and stock planning has been very important. Land for public service facilities is a major component of urban functional land, so it can be used to reflect the compactness of urban land. Based on the background of compact city, this paper analyzed the service efficiency of public service facilities land in Changchun City, including land for educational and cultural facilities, sports facilities, medical and health facilities and social welfare facilities. Through GIS and other technical means to process the data, and comprehensive analysis of the number of facilities, spatial distribution and accessibility analysis, the results of spatial allocation were obtained. In order to consider the behavioral factors of human beings, these results were divided into suppliers, suppliers and demanders for comparative analysis, and the influencing factors and their interrelationships leading to these results were obtained. At the same time, this gave specific suggestions on regional control, spatial structure compactness and spatial element allocation from the macro, meso and micro levels. Furthermore, it will give the relevant planning department measures and recommendations about optimizing the space efficiency of land use for public service facilities.

Rural community is the basic unit of rural society. Strengthening the rational layout and scientific allocation of public facilities will help to improve the public service level of rural community and meet the needs of rural residents for livable life. Based on the big data of Internet map, the public service facilities and the spatial distribution characteristics of "15-minute community life circle" in Pinggu District of Beijing were analyzed by using the methods of nuclear density analysis, average nearest neighbor analysis and network analysis. 8 types of community public in villages and towns were measured under three modes of transportation: walking, cycling and automobile driving, including community comprehensive services, educational institutions, medical and health care, culture and sports, social welfare, life services, disaster prevention and avoidance, and industrial development. The results show that: ① The spatial distribution of public service facilities in Pinggu District is uneven, and the nuclear density centers are mostly concentrated in the areas with higher economic level in the south; ② From the perspective of the coverage rate of public facilities, the overall level of necessary facilities for residents in rural communities is high under the modes of automobile driving and cycling. But under the walking mode, the space coverage rate of cultural and sports facilities and public toilets is the lowest, and the supply gap is the largest; The coverage rate of medical and health facilities and social welfare facilities is around 70%, which needs to be further improved. This paper provides theoretical basis and reference for finding weak areas and rational layout planning of public service facilities in rural communities by using the big data of Internet map.

In nuclear safety, the source term is introduced to provide adequate isolation of the nuclear hazards from the public, by establishing a concept of ‘effective distance.’ This combines a geographical distance to the site boundary and an effective ‘distance’ with the use of engineered safety features (i.e., a containment system and its cooling system), combined with evacuation procedures to prevent radiation injury. Severe accidents occur when these safety systems failed to function. This basic safety approach was once again jeopardized by the Fukushima accident, which followed the Chernobyl accident. The factors that mitigated the effluent releases however depend greatly on the intrinsic safety features combined with the accident management. The multi-layered retention/decontamination factors that a nuclear power plant possesses should be incorporated in specifying the environmental source term. The Fukushima accident provides a reasonable upper bound with respect to environmental releases due to a LUHS (loss of ultimate heat sink), which triggered a prolonged SBO (station blackout). Due to the anticipated radiological consequences, the Japanese Government issued a series of evacuation orders, resulting in the evacuation of approximately 160,000 people from the Fukushima area. The prolonged evacuation is believed to be the cause of over one thousand “disaster-related (pre-mature) deaths (DRDs)” which have been reported among the evacuees due to psychosomatic effects (48%) and the disruption of medical and social welfare facilities (18%). In the future these types of deaths should be avoided.

COVID-19 in Spain: Transplantation in the midst of the pandemic.

Background:Which virological factors mediate overdispersion in the transmissibility of emerging viruses remains a long-standing question in infectious disease epidemiology.Methods:Here, we use systematic review to develop a comprehensive dataset of respiratory viral loads (rVLs) of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. We then comparatively meta-analyze the data and model individual infectiousness by shedding viable virus via respiratory droplets and aerosols.Results:The analyses indicate heterogeneity in rVL as an intrinsic virological factor facilitating greater overdispersion for SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 pandemic than A(H1N1)pdm09 in the 2009 influenza pandemic. For COVID-19, case heterogeneity remains broad throughout the infectious period, including for pediatric and asymptomatic infections. Hence, many COVID-19 cases inherently present minimal transmission risk, whereas highly infectious individuals shed tens to thousands of SARS-CoV-2 virions/min via droplets and aerosols while breathing, talking and singing. Coughing increases the contagiousness, especially in close contact, of symptomatic cases relative to asymptomatic ones. Infectiousness tends to be elevated between 1 and 5 days post-symptom onset.Conclusions:Intrinsic case variation in rVL facilitates overdispersion in the transmissibility of emerging respiratory viruses. Our findings present considerations for disease control in the COVID-19 pandemic as well as future outbreaks of novel viruses.Funding:Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program, NSERC Senior Industrial Research Chair program and the Toronto COVID-19 Action Fund.

Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 shedding and mild course of COVID-19 in a patient after recent heart transplantation.